Evolution of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity during malting

Two barley varieties, Gan4 and Hamelin, were malted to investigate the evolution of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity during malting. The antioxidant activity was evaluated with DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical cation scavenging activity, reducing power, and metal chelating activity. Results showed that malting had significant influences on individual and total phenolic contents as well as antioxidant activities of two barley varieties. The contents of some phenolic compounds and the antioxidant activities decreased significantly during steeping and the early stages of germination and then increased remarkably during the later stages of germination and subsequent kilning. The most phenolic compounds identified in barley were (+)-catechin and ferulic acid, which both changed significantly during malting. Moreover, results from the Pearson correlation analysis showed that there were good correlations among DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical cation scavenging activity, reducing power, total phenolic content and sum of individual phenolic contents during malting.     

Characterization of pyrazines in some Chinese liquors and their approximate concentrations

Pyrazines are very important impact aroma compounds in Chinese liquors. The identification of pyrazine derivatives was carried out by liquid-liquid extraction (LLE). The liquor sample was adjusted to the H(+) concentration of 1 N with 12 N HCl and then concentrated by rotatory evaporator under vacuum condition. The concentrated liquor was extracted by diethyl ether, and the residual aqueous phase was adjusted to pH 10. The basic compounds were detected and identified by gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry (MS). A total of 27 pyrazines were identified in Chinese liquors, mainly alkyl- and acetylpyrazines. A method for determining pyrazines in Chinese liquors was developed. It involves extraction by headspace (HS) solid phase microextraction (SPME) and determination using GC-flame thermionic detector (FTD). The optimum method was that the sample alcohol concentration was diluted to 12% vol by freshly redistilled-deionized water, and the diluted samples were saturated with NaCl and equilibrated at 50 degrees C for 15 min and extracted for 30 min at the same temperature. The developed method enabled detection limits of <200 ng/L. Linearity (R(2) > 0.99) and recovery rate were satisfied in all cases. Pyrazines of 12 commercial typical Chinese liquors were quantified by HS-SPME followed by GC-FTD and had a wide range of concentration.     

Genetic diversity analyses of 10 indigenous Chinese pig populations based on 20 microsatellites

To study the genetic diversity of Chinese indigenous pig breeds, a total of 403 pigs from 10 local populations and 1 exotic Duroc breed were genotyped for 20 microsatellite markers. Heterozygosity and Wright's F-statistics (F(IS), F(ST), and F(IT)) were calculated to determine the genetic variation in those populations. The observed heterozygosities were in the range of 0.31 (Duroc) to 0.66 (Shengxian). The F(IS) value was in a range of -0.07 to 0.48. The mean F(ST) showed that approximately 78% of the genetic variation was within-population and 22% was across the populations. The 10 Chinese local breeds were classified into two major groups according to the phylogenetic tree, which was based on standard genetic distance. Four pig populations, Jianli, Ganxi Two Ends Black, Shaziling, and Dongshan were grouped into one branch. Before the study, these four populations were all classified as Central China Two Ends Black according to coat color, shape of the head, and shape of the ear. The Jinhua pig, which also has the two-ends-black coat color, was also grouped to the same branch but was not traditionally classified into this type. The five populations were located in various provinces in central China. The other five populations, Nanyang Black, Hainan Spotted, Huainan Black, Jiaxing Black, and Shengxian Spotted (black body, white feet), were grouped into another branch. The two groups of pig breeds had the same F(ST) value (0.14) when calculated separately. This value was similar to that of Iberian pigs (0.13) but smaller than that of the European pigs (0.27) as reported by other researchers. Our study showed that large genetic differentiation exists in Chinese pig breeds. The grouping of the five two-ends-black populations into one branch of the phylogenetic tree may indicate that the number of conservation farms can be decreased for this type of pig.     

不同栽培方式对贵杂4号油菜某些性状的影响

采用3因素2项分组试验设计,研究了贵杂4号油菜苗期生长及性状表现.结果表明,在垄作、宽窄行、喷多效唑3因素共同作用下,油菜幼苗叶片数、根颈粗、叶面积、干物重、硝酸还原酶活性、根系活力和始花期净光合速率值都较高,但对蒸腾速率的影响不明显.其中,处理2的硝酸还原酶活性、根系活力和净光合速率值最高,分别是26.54μg NaNO2·h-1·g-1、134.54μg·h-1·g-1和22.33μmol·m-2·s-1,为最佳栽培组合措施.喷多效唑提高幼苗硝酸还原酶活性、根系活力和净光合速率,但降低了幼苗株高;宽窄行的栽培方式可提高油菜幼苗根系活力,但在多因素互作时,其作用会受影响.     

New insights into the influence of myo-inositol on carbohydrate metabolism during osmoregulation in Nile tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus)

A two-factor (2×3) orthogonal test was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary myo-inositol (MI) on the osmoregulation and carbohydrate metabolism of euryhaline fish tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) under sustained hypertonic stress (20 practical salinity units[psu]).6 diets containing either normal carbohydrate(NC,30%) or high carbohydrate (HC,45%) levels,with 3 levels (0,400 and 1,200 mg/kg diet) of MI,respectively,were fed to 540 fish under 20 psu for 8 weeks.Dietary MI supplementation...     

Response of growth,metabolism and yield of Dendrocalamopsis oldhami to long-day photoperiod and fertilizer compensation

The effects of long-day photoperiod on growth,photo synthetic fluorescence,carbon and nitrogen metabolism,and yield of Dendrocalamopsis oldhami and the compensation effects of fertilization were investigated.A completely randomized design was used with two light factors(bamboo culms cultivated in solar greenhouse under long-day [Ls] and short-day [Ln] treatments);two organic nitrogen fertilizer levels(application of organic fertilizer[OF] and no organic fertilizer [NF]);and three nitrogen fertil...     

Supplemental magnolol or honokiol attenuates adverse effects in broilers infected with Salmonella pullorum by modulating mucosal gene expression and the gut microbiota

Background:Salmonella pullorum is one of the most harmful pathogens to avian species.Magnolol and honokiol,natural compounds extracted from Magnolia officinalis,exerts anti-inflammatory,anti-oxidant and antibacterial activities.This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplemental magnolol and honokiol in broilers infected with S.pullorum.A total of 360 one-day-old broilers were selected and randomly divided into four groups with six replicates:the negative control group(CTL),S.pullorum-infected group(SP),and the S.pulloruminfected group supplemented with 300 mg/kg honokiol(SPH)or magnolol(SPM).Results:The results showed that challenging with S.pullorum impaired growth performance in broilers,as indicated by the observed decreases in body weight(P<0.05)and average daily gains(P<0.05),along with increased spleen(P<0.01)and bursa of Fabricus weights(P<0.05),serum globulin contents,and the decreased intestine villus height and villus/crypt ratios(P<0.05).Notably,supplemental magnolol and honokiol attenuated these adverse changes,and the effects of magnolol were better than those of honokiol.Therefore,we performed RNA-Seq in ileum tissues and 16S rRNA gene sequencing of ileum bacteria.Our analysis revealed that magnolol increased the α-diversity(observed species,Chao1,ACE,and PD whole tree)and β-diversity of the ileum bacteria(P<0.05).In addition,magnolol supplementation increased the abundance of Lactobacillus(P<0.01)and decreased unidentified Cyanobacteria(P<0.05)both at d 14 and d 21.Further study confirmed that differentially expressed genes induced by magnolol and honokiol supplementation enriched in cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions,in the intestinal immune network for IgA production,and in the cell adhesion molecule pathways.Conclusions:Supplemental magnolol and honokiol alleviated S.pullorum-induced impairments in growth performance,and the effect of magnolol was better than that of honokiol,which could be partially due to magnolol’s ability to improve the intestinal microbial and mucosal barrier.     

国有林场森林防火和资源监管“空天地人”四位一体监测系统建设

针对国有林场现状以及森林资源监管需求，构建了国有林场森林防火和资源监管“空天地人”四位一体监测系统体系框架，提出了“空天地人”四位一体监测平台建设架构及建设内容。旨在通过构建立体化资源监管体系，弥补传统监管方式的不足，提高国有林场信息化现代化水平，为增强国有林场森林生态功能，推动国有林场森林资源总量持续增加提供科技支撑。