自然降雨对干化土壤水分恢复有效性分析

研究自然降雨对干化土壤水分恢复的有效性,有利于合理利用降水资源,加强干化土壤水分管理,促进土壤干层得到有效恢复。在陕北米脂试验站设置野外地下大型土柱,通过2014—2019年连续定位监测降雨、土壤含水率状况,分析自然降雨对干化土壤水分恢复的有效性。结果表明:(1)从深层干化土壤水分恢复角度考虑,黄土丘陵半干旱区降雨可以分为3种类型:表层入渗快速蒸发型、浅层入渗缓慢蒸发型和深层入渗补给型。其中深层入渗补给型降雨为有效降雨,该类型雨量>26 mm,能够对深层干化土壤产生有效水分补给。2014—2019年发生深层入渗补给型降雨仅16次,累积雨量791.8 mm,降雨次数、降雨量的有效率分别为4.64%和35.19%。(2)月尺度条件下,降雨量(P月)与逐月入渗深度(Z逐月)、月累积入渗深度(Z累积)均呈二次函数关系变化,Z逐月=-0.0102P月2+3.955P月-6.7335(R^2=0.9639),Z累积=-0.0003P月2-0.1331P月+191.71(R^2=0.9208)。(3)年尺度条件下,2014—2019年雨量分别为187.6,391.6,590.8,337.6,342.4,400.0 mm,降雨逐年引发的入渗深度依次为160,220,400,260,260,120 cm,累积入渗深度依次可达180,220,400,700,1000,1400 cm。研究结果对揭示自然降水恢复干化土壤机理,加强土壤干层人工蓄水保墒技术,合理选择保墒措施,以及促进当地生态环境建设具有积极的推动作用。     

长牡蛎‘海大1号’生长性状的遗传参数评估

分别以长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)‘海大1号’第8代和第9代选育群体中的个体为亲本,采用巢式设计的交配方法,于2016年和2017年分别获得41个和38个全同胞家系。根据各家系长牡蛎330日龄的壳高、壳长、壳宽和体重等表型参数,通过建立多性状动物模型,利用ASReml软件中的限制性极大似然法估算各表型变量的方差组分,对‘海大1号’连续两代选育群体生长性状的遗传参数进行评估。结果表明,两个选育世代的‘海大1号’生长性状均具有较高的变异水平,变异系数为20.74%~55.14%,各生长性状仍具有遗传改良潜力。‘海大1号’各生长性状间的表型相关均为正相关,相关系数大小存在差异。3个壳型性状与体重的遗传相关均为正相关,且处于较高水平(0.40~0.66)。除壳宽性状的遗传力较低外,壳高、壳长与体重的遗传力在0.16~0.37,均属中高等遗传力水平,表明‘海大1号’经过多代选育后,生长性状仍具有较大的加性遗传效应,可根据个体表型值大小,继续通过群体选育获得遗传进展。研究结果为长牡蛎‘海大1号’制种方案的制订和保种工作提供了参考依据。     

The impact of successive mass selection on population genetic structure in the Pacific oyster (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Crassostrea gigas</Emphasis>) revealed by microsatellite markers

To evaluate the impact of mass selection on genetic structure in artificially closed populations of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, we performed mass selection over six generations on two stocks from Japan and Korea and analyzed their temporal genetic variation and structure using 18 microsatellite makers, which were compared with the base populations of the two selected lines and one wild population from China. The average numbers of alleles (Na), mean observed heterozygosities (Ho), and expected heterozygosities (He) varied over generations in the two selected lines (selected lines of Japan, Na = 10.7–14.9, Ho = 0.757–0.846, He = 0.778–0.871; selected lines of Korea, Na = 9.4–17.3, Ho = 0.736–0.865, He = 0.744–0.854). There was no significant reduction in heterozygosity in the two selected lines. However, the average number of alleles per locus was significantly lower in the fifth and sixth generations of the two selected lines compared with that in the base population and wild population (P < 0.05), suggesting that the successive mass selection in closed populations may increase the sensibility of rare alleles to genetic drift. Equalizing the sex ratio of parents and reducing the selection intensity properly with the increase of selective generations is recommended to minimize the deleterious effect of genetic drift and bottleneck caused by successive mass selection. The information obtained in this study is useful for the design of appropriate management strategies for selective breeding of C. gigas.     

印第安纳沙门菌环介导等温扩增检测方法的建立

旨在解决印第安纳沙门菌传统检测方法的缺陷,建立快速、特异、灵敏的分子检测方法.通过比较基因组学方法获取印第安纳沙门菌特异性检测靶标,进一步设计用于环介导等温扩增的引物组.通过对反应条件优化,建立针对印第安纳沙门菌的特异性分子检测方法.结果显示,该检测方法特异性强、耗时短,检测下限为59拷贝?反应-1.应用该方法对临床分...     

自然降雨条件下干化土壤水分恢复试验

土壤干燥化是制约黄土丘陵半干旱地区生态环境可持续发展的瓶颈问题,自然降雨是当地土壤水分补充的唯一来源.为探究自然降雨条件下干化土壤的水分恢复状况,在陕北米脂试验站构建野外10 m深大型地下土柱,2014—2019年间利用CS650-CR1000型土壤水分自动监测系统和BLJW-4小型气象观测站对土壤水分、气象状况进行连...     

黄土丘陵区深层干化土壤对降雨入渗的响应

在陕北米脂试验站设置了野外10 m地下大型土柱,分别利用BLJW-4小型综合气象观测站、CS650-CR1000自动监测系统对降雨状况和土壤水分状况进行长期连续定位观测,分析黄土丘陵区深层干化土壤对降雨入渗的响应。结果表明:(1)黄土丘陵区降雨可以划分为3种类型:快速蒸发型降雨(P≤13 mm)、缓慢蒸发型降雨(13 mmP26 mm)、入渗主导型降雨(P≥26 mm)。其中快速蒸发型降雨、缓慢蒸发型降雨在裸露地表情况下仅能引发浅层土壤的降雨入渗响应(Z_(rapid)≤30 cm, 30 cmZ_(slow)60 cm),不能对深层干化土壤形成有效的水分补给;而入渗主导型降雨则能够引发深层干化土壤的降雨入渗响应(Z_(infiltration)≥60 cm),能够促进干化土壤得到水分修复。(2)0～90 cm土层为降雨入渗、蒸发循环层,该深度范围土壤受降雨、蒸发作用影响强烈,土壤水分呈现频繁增、减波动;90 cm以下土层为降雨入渗主导层,该深度范围内土壤不再受蒸发作用影响,土壤水分呈增加趋势。(3)入渗主导型降雨年最大入渗深度在140～160 cm,雨后上层土壤水在蒸发作用下69～435 h恢复至雨前水平。裸露地表状况下,多年累积降雨能够促进深层干化土壤产生入渗响应,2014—2019年干化土壤对于自然降雨的入渗响应深度依次为180、220、400、700、900 cm及1 000 cm。     

Dynamic superposition and simulation research on flowing of gas outburst and mine ventilation network

In allusion to the “5·30”especially serious coal and gas outburst accident of Tonghua coal mine of Songzao Coal Electricity Group CO., LTD in 2009, a detailed simulation of the mutation process of mine ventilation system during gas outburst disaster period is done by using theory of ventilation network with sources and numerical simulation technology (we develop a computer simulation system). Three changing processes, namely outburst overflow, natural flow and ventilation downstream occurs in the ventilation system after outburst. Due to the expanded power of outburst source, gas enters main ventilation roadways at first, and flows outward, and flows counter-current along main intake air roadway, and then enters low air quantity roadways with air doors or underground chamber, which leads to gas concentration overrun and threat to the whole mine. After outburst, gas power disappears. Due to the action of gas natural ventilation pressure, mine ventilation may begin to flow naturally. After the ventilation systems are restored, gas flows with the wind as a result of the power of the main fan. Due to the interference of gas natural ventilation pressure, the operating points of main fans may drift (relative to roadway structure), but the operating points recover with the discharge of gas. It is worth noting that the detention time of gas in low air quantity roadways and underground chambers is relatively long, and the gas becomes continuous gas supply sources, so it is dangerous. In addition, the delayed pour between main roadways and by-pass low air quantity roadways and the gas natural ventilation pressure caused by gas detention may lead to airflow disorder of reversion in some local circuits, and may enlarge the affected range of gas, or lead to the delay and detention of gas discharge.     

长牡蛎‘海大1号’生长及育种性能分析

为了研究长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)新品种‘海大1号’的生长和育种性能,本研究采用巢式设计,构建了‘海大1号’21个全同胞家系和7个半同胞家系,分析其表型参数、表型相关、遗传力及遗传相关性。结果表明,200日龄时,‘海大1号’与对照组野生长牡蛎的3个家系相比,壳高、壳长、壳宽和总重平均分别提高17%、27%、29%、85%,‘海大1号’具有显著的生长优势;现实遗传力分别为0.128±0.148、0.145±0.190、0.131±0.219、0.135±0.135,属于中低等遗传力。表型相关和遗传相关均为正相关,相关系数的范围为0.730~0.962、0.503~0.768。育种值分析显示,通过个体间比较(30%选择强度),表型值和育种值选留个体相同率为71%~74%,育种值比表型值选择效率高17%~28%;通过家系间比较(50%选择强度),表型值和育种值选留家系相同率为70%~90%,育种值比表型值选择效率高3%~34%。研究结果为制定合理的长牡蛎育种规划、推广新品种长牡蛎‘海大1号’及长牡蛎的良种化提供基础资料。     

5种壳色长牡蛎不同组织中金属元素的分析与评价

为评估不同壳色长牡蛎金属元素价值,实采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱仪(ICP-OES)和近红外(NIR)分析模型对5种壳色(壳黑、壳紫、壳橙、壳金和壳白)长牡蛎4个组织(外套膜、鳃、闭壳肌和性腺—内脏团)中的Mg、Fe、Zn、Cu、Mn和Se元素含量进行检测分析,并比较与对照群体金属元素含量的差异以及5种壳色长牡蛎各组织间含量的差异。结果发现,在外套膜中,壳紫、壳橙和壳黑长牡蛎中Zn含量显著高于对照群体,壳紫长牡蛎Cu含量显著高于壳金和对照群体,壳金长牡蛎Mn含量显著高于壳紫和壳黑长牡蛎,其他元素在各群体中含量无显著差异;在鳃中,壳金长牡蛎Mn含量显著高于壳黑和对照群体,其他组份在6个群体无显著性差异;在闭壳肌中,壳橙和壳紫长牡蛎Zn的含量显著高于对照群体,其他组份在各群体中差异不显著;在性腺—内脏团中,壳橙长牡蛎Zn和Mn含量均显著高于对照群体,且Cu的含量显著高于壳金长牡蛎,其他元素在6个群体中含量无显著性差异。4个组织中各金属元素含量差异显著,其中闭壳肌内各金属元素含量显著低于鳃、外套膜和性腺—内脏团。研究表明,不同壳色长牡蛎之间以及不同壳色与对照群体之间在部分金属元素含量上已表现出分化,这为长牡蛎壳色新品系选育提供了重要的基础资料。     

典型地面覆盖下黄土丘陵区干化土壤深层水分变化研究

为了探寻黄土高原丘陵区干化土壤修复措施,采用野外试验,布设1000 cm深地下土柱,并在土柱表层进行9种不同覆盖处理(种植刺槐、苜蓿、柠条、枣树、早熟禾和覆盖石子、树枝、地布和白色地膜),以土柱表面完全裸露作为对照,用中子土壤水分仪测量0 ～1000 cm不同深度土壤含水率,通过2014-2018年连续观测数据分析发现...