Identifying and Characterizing a Novel Peritrophic Matrix Protein (MdPM-17) Associated With Antibacterial Response From the Housefly,Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae)

Peritrophic matrix/membrane (PM) critically prevents the midgut of insects from external invasion by microbes. The proteins in the peritrophic membrane are its major structural components. Additionally, they determine the formation and function of this membrane. However, the role of PM proteins in immune regulation is unclear. Herein, we isolated a novel PM protein (MdPM-17) from Musca domestica larvae. Further, the function of MdPM-17 in regulating host innate immunity was identified. Results showed that the cDNA of MdPM-17 full is 635 bp in length. Moreover, it consists of a 477-bp open reading frame encoding 158 amino acid residues. These amino acid residues are composed of two Chitin-binding type-2 domain (ChtBD2) and 19 amino acids as a signal peptide. Moreover, tissue distribution analysis indicates that MdPM-17 was enriched expressed in midgut, and moderate levels in the fat body, foregut, and malpighian tubule. Notably, MdPM-17 recombinant protein showed high chitin-binding capacity, thus belongs to the Class III PM protein group. MdPM-17 protein silencing via RNA interference resulted in the expression of antimicrobial peptide (defensin, cecropins, and diptericin) genes, and this occurred after oral inoculation with exogenous microbes Escherichia coli (Enterobacteriales:Enterobacteriaceae), Staphylococcus aureus (Bacillales:Staphylococcaceae), and Candida albicans (Endomycetales:Saccharomycetaceae)). Therefore, all the antimicrobial peptide (AMP) gene expression levels are high in MdPM-17-depleted larvae during microbial infection compared to controls. Consequently, these findings indicate that MdPM-17 protein is associated with the antibacterial response from the housefly.     

灵芝的生物学特性、液体发酵及药理作用的研究进展

以灵芝生长特性、液体发酵、药理作用为切入点,综合查询近5年发表的收录于中国知网和艾斯维尔等数据库中的相关文献,就灵芝的生物学特性、液体发酵条件、药理作用方面的研究进展进行综述,为更好地开发利用灵芝资源提供依据。指出现今灵芝的药理作用等基础研究较多,而生长栽培和发酵条件优化的研究报道则较少,而其临床应用的机制则有待进一步探讨。     

Crude garlic extract significantly inhibits replication of grapevine viruses

Efforts to control viral diseases of grapevine include the production of certified material and development of virus-resistant transgenic grapevines. However, effective antiviral agents, once the viruses have infected the plants, are still lacking. This study shows that a crude garlic extract has significant antiviral activity against grapevine viruses. Replication of grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2 (GLRaV-2) was obviously inhibited in grapevine cv. Cabernet Sauvignon calli treated with diluted (1:100) garlic extract. The relative RNA levels of GLRaV-2 and grapevine fleck virus (GFkV) in cv. Summer Black grapevine in in vitro-grown plantlets 10 days after treatment with diluted (1:100) garlic extract were about 22% and 20%, respectively, of that in controls. The viral RNA accumulation of GLRaV-2, GFkV, grapevine virus A (GVA), grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) and grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus (GRSPaV) in field-grown grapevine cv. Centennial Seedless plants sprayed with diluted (1:100) garlic extract were about 31–40%, 26–38%, 18–31%, 17–42% and 15–18%, respectively, of that in controls. Moreover, the garlic extract treatment led to a significant decrease in viral RNA accumulation of GLRaV-3, GLRaV-2, GVA, GFkV, GFLV, GRSPaV and grapevine Pinot Gris virus in pot-grown grapevine cv. Shine Muscat plants, and viral disease symptoms in these plants were obviously attenuated. In addition, this extract significantly induced expression of pathogenesis-related protein genes and stimulated activity of antioxidant enzymes in grapevines. Taken together, these results indicate that the crude garlic extract acts as a significant inhibitor against a broad range of grapevine viruses.     

陇东黄土高原旱地冬小麦生产影响要素及育种目标与策略

通过对自然因素分析指出,在陇东黄土高原旱地干旱少雨,低温寡照,病虫危害是该区冬小麦生产的主要影响因子。结合小麦育种实践,提出小麦产量结构模式,旱地品种特征特性和抗旱、抗寒、抗病、优质育种目标。提出了旱作种质引进创新,选择当地品种作亲本,采用聚和杂交,利用逆境定向选择,多生态水、旱交替选育,实行穿梭育种,多元化抗锈育种,加强优质专用品种选育的育种策略。     

不同品种公猪睾丸、精液品质发育规律及相关性研究

为明确公猪睾丸在选育中的意义,研究公猪睾丸参数、精液质量参数的发育性规律以及两者间的关联性。选择936头分布在280～1 409日龄的生产公猪,其中589头杜洛克、233头长白、114头大白。对睾丸和精液质量参数采用一般线性模型,以品种和日龄分组为固定因素进行多变量分析;使用二次项模型分品种分别对睾丸总体积和有效精子数进行发育曲线拟合;控制日龄变量,对睾丸与精液质量参数进行偏相关性分析。在睾丸大小方面：杜洛克>大白>长白,其中杜洛克与大白差异不显著（P>0.05）,但两者均极显著（P<001）高于长白;在精液质量整体比较上：长白优于杜洛克优于大白,但差异不显著（P>0.05）;但在体积、密度、活力和畸形率上,三品种公猪均存在显著（P>0.05）或极显著(P<0.01)差异;睾丸随日龄增长呈先增大后萎缩趋势,精液整体质量随日龄增长呈下滑趋势;三品种公猪睾丸的大小均与精液量和有效精子数呈正相关,且大部分具有显著（P<0.05）或极显著性(P<0.01)。同日龄时期,三品种公猪睾丸的大小顺序为杜洛克>长白>大白,其中长白大于大白具有普遍性; 综合来看,三品种的精液质量比较结果为长白优于杜洛克优于大白,其中长白优于大白具有普遍性;公猪睾丸萎缩临界日龄可用于公猪淘汰依据,选育公猪时可重点选留睾丸较大者。     

基于SNP标记的爆裂玉米农家品种遗传多样性

为了评价广西爆裂玉米农家品种的遗传多样性,利用56K SNP芯片技术对中国广西45个爆裂玉米农家品种、中国2个爆裂玉米杂交种和6个南美爆裂玉米种质进行全基因组扫描,获得多态性标记14 338个,基因分型为6 种类型。其中A/G类型最多,为5 805个;A/T类型最少,为149个。1号染色体的多态性SNP位点最多,为2 302个;10号染色体最少,为848个。45个农家品种间平均遗传相似系数为0.62,变幅为0.41~0.99,总体遗传相似度高。聚类分析将参试品种划分为三大类群,相同来源的农家品种大多聚在一起;主成分分析显示大部分农家品种聚在一起,与杂交品种和南美品种之间没有交集,表明农家品种遗传相似性较高,与杂交品种和南美品种遗传差异较大。     

沉淀法制备的紫杉醇白蛋白微粒包封率测定

采用沉淀法制备紫杉醇白蛋白微粒,采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定紫杉醇质量浓度,以二氯甲烷为有机相,采用萃取法分离白蛋白微粒与游离药物,测定其包封率。结果表明:紫杉醇在10~100 mg·L-1范围内线性良好,平均回收率可达到97.6%~101.0%;有机溶剂萃取法测定紫杉醇白蛋白微粒包封率的平均回收率,达94.80%~101.67%。这种方法测定紫杉醇白蛋白微粒回收率准确可靠,适用于沉淀法制备的白蛋白微粒的包封率测定。     

基于用户参与的科研院所机构知识库建设模式研究

文章以用户参与为理论基础,以融入科研管理为实践目标,创新性地提出一种适合科研院所的机构知识库建设模式,并以江苏省农业科学院为例进行了实证研究,该模式兼具传统机构知识库功能,又能体现科研机构特色、解决科研机构成果管理问题.在此基础上,还分析明确了适用于科研院所成果管理和共享的数据审核流程、元数据标准规范、功能模块、系统架构、管理运行机制等.     

增氧对粉绿狐尾藻氮素吸收及其底泥微环境的影响

为探明增氧对粉绿狐尾藻氮素吸收及其底泥微环境的影响,本研究以粉绿狐尾藻为材料进行盆栽试验,以不增氧处理为对照(CK),分别设置O₁(4 min)、O₂(6 min)、O₃(8 min)、O₄(10 min)4个增氧水平,系统研究了粉绿狐尾藻不同生长时期氮素吸收及其底泥铵态氮、硝态氮含量等的变化规律,揭示了增氧调控底泥微环境、提高粉绿狐尾藻对水体氮污染物降解能力的机理。结果表明：无论增氧与否,粉绿狐尾藻根部和地上部氮素吸收量及植株氮素积累量均随生长时间延长呈逐渐增加趋势,且地上部氮素吸收量均高于根部;与CK相比,生长前期(t₁、t₂时期)增氧8 min、中后期(t₃、t₄、t₅时期)增氧6 min对应的粉绿狐尾藻氮素吸收与积累量均最大,其中增氧6 min对应t₅时期的粉绿狐尾藻植株氮积累量为171.08 mg·株^-1。增氧使粉绿狐尾藻生长前期底泥pH...     

我国小麦条锈病防治研究的进展

本文概括了以下四个方面的进展：⑴揭示了我国小麦条锈病菌的越夏、越冬和春季流行规律,提出一套行之有效的测报方法,提供了重大的防锈原则和综合治理方案。⑵研究出一套适合我国应用的小麦条锈菌生理小种鉴别寄主,查明了小种逐年变化动态及其与品种抗性丧失的原因,大大提高了抗条锈育种和品种利用的针对性和预见性。⑶全国鉴定抗条锈性或感的材料约300000份。成株混合菌种鉴定法发展为多小种分别鉴定法和多抗性鉴定法,开拓了品种抗性资源。⑷敌锈纳等在60–70年代防治条锈病起了显著作用;用粉锈宁拌种1次控制条锈病流行的技术已在大面积上推广。文内还讨论了今后如何加强小麦条锈病防治规划和基础研究,藉以提高综合治理水平。