饵料和养殖密度对中国对虾幼虾生长及存活率的影响

在实验用虾遗传背景一致的情况下,分析了3种饵料(配合饲料、冰冻鲜鱼肉和活卤虫)和4个不同的养殖密度对小水体中国对虾幼虾生长和存活率的影响。结果表明,饵料和饲养密度对中国对虾幼虾生长及存活率有显著影响。在饵料、养殖密度单因子实验及饵料和养殖密度相结合的双因子实验中,幼虾的生长均表现出极其显著的差异(P<0.01),活卤虫对幼虾生长的效应尤为突出。而养殖密度对中国对虾的行为生物学、个体间体重增量均有影响。随着养殖密度的提高,中国对虾增重变慢;同时,个体间体重增量差异变大。随着养殖密度的增加,中国对虾幼虾的存活率呈下降趋势,但不同饵料对存活率影响变化幅度较大,波动在58.1%～85.2%之间,其中投喂活卤虫养殖密度为50尾/桶的存活率最高(85.2%);投喂配合饵料4个养殖密度梯度的存活率变化不明显;而投喂冰冻鱼肉4个养殖密度梯度的存活率变化较大。因此,采用合适的饵料和养殖密度,能够提高中国对虾的生长速度,提高对虾养成存活率,改善生长过程中对虾群体体长、体重的整齐度。     

开垦年限对黑土氮初级转化速率和净转化速率的影响

以东北黑土区开垦2 a和开垦30 a的典型旱作土壤为研究对象,采用15N同位素成对标记技术开展室内培养试验,利用数值计算模型(FLUAZ)计算不同开垦年限土壤的氮初级转化速率,以比较不同开垦年限黑土氮初级转化速率和净转化速率的差异,明确开垦年限对黑土氮转化过程的影响。结果表明,与开垦2a土壤相比,开垦30a土壤的有机碳和水溶性有机碳含量显著降低,导致土壤氮初级矿化速率和初级固定速率也显著降低。但开垦30a土壤的初级硝化速率、净硝化速率和净氮矿化速率却显著高于开垦2a土壤。两个开垦年限土壤的初级硝化速率分别为净硝化速率的1.15倍和1.02倍,说明土壤微生物对硝态氮的固定很少。开垦30a土壤的m/i值(氮初级矿化速率与初级固定速率之比)和n/ia值(初级硝化速率与初级铵态氮固定速率之比)均显著大于1,而开垦2 a土壤的m/i值和n/ia值均接近1。表明开垦2 a土壤的氮矿化与固定过程紧密偶联,氮素损失的风险较小,而开垦30 a土壤中氮矿化量超过了固定量,这为硝化作用的进行提供了底物,增加了硝酸盐反硝化和淋溶风险。     

高温胁迫对文冠果主要抗氧化酶活性的影响

以文冠果水培枝为试验材料,对6个高温梯度、4种培养液处理条件下其叶中多酚氧化酶(PPO)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶活性(CAT)进行测定与分析。结果表明:(1)文冠果的POD酶当温度在35℃时酶活性出现一明显峰值;CAT酶当温度在45℃时酶活性出现一个明显峰值;SOD酶在温度为35℃和45℃时先后出现明显峰值;(2)POD和CAT酶在植物体内起作用的温度范围不同,温度在45℃之前,CAT酶起主要作用,温度高于45℃后,POD酶起主要作用;(3)不同铜、锌元素的水培液处理对SOD活性影响均达到显著水平,即处理4-[Cu(1)Zn(1)]对SOD活性影响极其显著,其显著性大小依次为:4-[Cu(1)Zn(1)]、3-[Cu(1)Zn(0)]、2-[Cu(0)Zn(1)]。保护酶系统酶活性与文冠果的生理代谢以及抗逆性有关,旨在为文冠果抗逆性机理的深入研究提供依据。     

臭氧在大菱鲆亲鱼养殖回用水系统中的应用

以臭氧在大菱鲆亲鱼养殖回用水系统中的工程实例数据,分析臭氧在养殖水处理系统中的杀菌效果、脱除转化氨氮的效能。结果表明,臭氧在该工艺流程中杀菌率可达51．82％,对氨氮 亚硝酸氮的平均去除率达56．30％,这表明臭氧应用于工厂化养殖水处理中具有较好效果。     

贝类受精细胞学的研究现状

从成熟卵子的核相与体外促熟,精子的顶体反应,受精膜的形成,极体的释放与雌雄原核的形成以及多精入卵方面综述了贝类受精细胞学的研究成果,并展望了这一领域的研究和应用前景。     

Secondary Metabolites from Marine-Derived Bacillus: A Comprehensive Review of Origins,Structures, and Bioactivities

The marine is a highly complex ecosystem including various microorganisms. Bacillus species is a predominant microbialflora widely distributed in marine ecosystems. This review aims to provide a systematic summary of the newly reported metabolites produced by marine-derived Bacillus species over recent years covering the literature from 2014 to 2021. It describes the structural diversity and biological activities of the reported compounds. Herein, a total of 87 newly reported metabolites are included in this article, among which 49 compounds originated from marine sediments, indicating that marine sediments are majority sources of productive strains of Bacillus species Therefore, marine-derived Bacillus species are a potentially promising source for the discovery of new metabolites.     

Preparation and Hepatoprotective Activities of Peptides Derived from Mussels (Mytilus edulis) and Clams (Ruditapes philippinarum)

Low molecular weight (<5 kDa) peptides from mussels (Mytilus edulis) (MPs) and the peptides from clams (Ruditapes philippinarum) (CPs) were prepared through enzymatic hydrolysis by proteases (dispase, pepsin, trypsin, alcalase and papain). Both the MPs and the CPs showed excellent in vitro scavenging ability of free radicals including OH, DPPH and ABTS in the concentration range of 0.625–10.000 mg/mL. By contrast, the MPs hydrolyzed by alcalase (MPs-A) and the CPs hydrolyzed by dispase (CPs-D) had the highest antioxidant activities. Furthermore, MPs-A and CPs-D exhibited protective capabilities against oxidative damage induced by H₂O₂ in HepG2 cells in the concentration range of 25–800 μg/mL. Meanwhile, compared with the corresponding indicators of the negative control (alcohol-fed) mice, lower contents of hepatic MDA and serums ALT and AST, as well as higher activities of hepatic SOD and GSH-PX were observed in experiment mice treated with MPs-A and CPs-D. The present results clearly indicated that Mytilus edulis and Ruditapes philippinarum are good sources of hepatoprotective peptides.     

Oncolytic Vaccinia Virus Carrying Aphrocallistes vastus Lectin (oncoVV-AVL) Enhances Inflammatory Response in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells

Aphrocallistes vastus lectin (AVL) is a C-type marine lectin derived from sponges. Our previous study demonstrated that oncolytic vaccinia virus carrying AVL (oncoVV-AVL) significantly enhanced the cytotoxicity of oncoVV in cervical cancer, colorectal cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma through the activation of Ras/ERK, MAPK/ERK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. In this study, the inflammatory response induced by oncoVV-AVL in a hepatocellular carcinoma cell (HCC) model was investigated. The results showed that oncoVV-AVL increased the levels of inflammatory cytokines including IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α through activating the AP-1 signaling pathway in HCC. This study provides novel insights into the utilization of lectin AVL in the field of cancer therapy.     

云南省景东徐家坝大型真菌多样性研究

通过对云南省景东徐家坝大型真菌进行采集、鉴定,并对其多样性、优势科、属进行分析。结果表明,该地区大型真菌涉及子囊菌门、担子菌门2门6纲13目41科88属210种,其中子囊菌有5科6属7种,担子菌有36科83属203种。占优势的科有6个,占总数的14.63%;占优势的属有9个,占总属的10.11%。按照利用价值可分为食用、药用、药食兼用菌、毒菌几类,食用菌75种,占总数的35.71%;药用菌22种,占总数的10.48%;药食兼用菌33种,占总数的15.71%;毒菌30种,占总数的14.29%;用途不明种50种,占总数的23.81%。该地区野生食、药用菌资源丰富,具有较大的开发和应用前景。     

优化施肥下长江流域冬小麦产量及肥料增产效应

【目的】针对长江流域冬小麦不合理施肥带来的肥料利用率低的现状,探讨冬小麦产量分布特征及施用氮、磷和钾肥料的增产效应,为长江流域冬小麦肥料减施增效和优化养分管理措施提供依据。【方法】本文数据来源于国际植物营养研究所(IPNI)于2000—2018年在我国长江流域开展的田间试验,以及在中国知网(CNKI)数据库通过检索字段或字段组合(冬小麦、冬小麦+产量及冬小麦产量+肥料利用率等)得到的此期间关于长江流域冬小麦田间试验的论文,共1 732个田间试验。试验处理包括:优化施肥处理,农民习惯施肥,以及在优化施肥和农民习惯施肥基础上的不施氮肥、不施磷肥和不施钾肥处理,以探究长江流域各省(市)(四川、云南、贵州、重庆、湖北、安徽、江苏、浙江和上海)冬小麦在优化施肥下的可获得产量、产量反应、相对产量、农学效率和偏生产力特征。【结果】我国长江流域冬小麦优化施肥处理下的平均产量为6.6 t·hm^-2,其中安徽省平均产量水平最高,为7.3 t·hm^-2,重庆市最低,为3.6 t·hm^-2。施用氮、磷和钾肥的平均产量反应分别为2.3、0.9和0...