衡山花岗岩地貌过程与水土流失关系的研究

通过对衡山地貌和侵蚀过程分析,发现地貌是影响土壤侵蚀的基本因素,古代侵蚀地貌是现代地貌过程的基础,也决定着现代土壤侵蚀发展的规律.人类活动不能改变这种规律,却可影响土壤侵蚀的进程,土壤侵蚀加速了现代地貌过程,现代地貌过程的加速又强烈地影响土壤侵蚀程度和方式.用长时间尺度,区分古代侵蚀与现代侵蚀、正常侵蚀与加速侵蚀,将更有利于监控现代地貌过程,实施合理的水土保持措施,防止加速侵蚀,减缓现代侵蚀进程,从而保护环境和风景名胜区.     

循环式海绵基质培设施结构和性能的研究与应用

循环式海绵基质培是根据世界无土栽培技术发展趋势和中国具体国情进行试验设计、研制而成的新型无土栽培设备.其主要特点是1)基质用量少,成本低;2)供排液分开,避免根际病害传播;3)配套营养液生物过滤装置,提高系统安全稳定性;4)营养液供给自动控制.循环式海绵基质培由贮液池、农用海绵基质(黑白双色膜包被)、双层槽式集液系统、营养液滴灌系统及自控设备、营养液生物过滤系统等组成.循环式海绵基质培在中国东南沿海地区一年量达10000 kg以上,亩产值1.5万元以上,适合农业示范园区内的大型温室应用.     

厦门市2001-2002年PM10浓度时间序列变化分析

在厦门市环境大气污染物中，PM10是其首要的大气污染物。厦门市大气中的日PM10浓度受天气和气候以及土地利用类型、地表植被覆盖度等诸多因素的共同影响而呈现出一定的周期性，应用时间序列方法对厦门市2001～2002年的PM10浓度进行周期性和趋势性的分析，揭示了厦门市大气环境中PM10浓随时间变化的周期性规律。同时讨论了部分气候因素对PM10浓度年内变化的影响。     

德兴铜矿尾矿库植被重建后的土壤肥力状况和重金属污染初探

德兴铜矿是我国的超大型铜矿,尾矿砂的排放是其主要的环境问题之一,目前主要堆积于尾矿库中。1号尾矿库于1986年服役期满后共堆积矿砂2.15×107 m3,面积约210 hm2。20世纪90年代后期,在坝坡约30 hm2覆有客土的地区进行了一系列植被重建的试验研究工作,本文报道了1998年开始在旱稻(OryzaLinn.)、花生(Arachis Linn.)、香根草(Vetiveria zizanioidesNash)和湿地松(Pinuselliottii Engelm.)等18种不同植被组合条件下的土壤基本农化性状(pH、有机质(OM)、铵态氮、速效P、速效K)以及0.05 mol L-1 HCl可提取态重金属在3~4年时间内的变化情况,结果表明,坝坡土壤N、P、K严重不足,且保水、保肥能力弱,需要不断地进行培肥和改良。三年多来,土壤pH总体上无显著变化;OM第三年有显著上升,约为第一年的127%;NH4 N成直线下降,第二年和第三年分别为第一年的72.9%和43.0%;随着耕作实践的推移,速效P和速效K显著上升,但仍旧处于较低水平。重金属(主要是Cu)污染严重,Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd在植物中有明显积累。研究结果强调了试验区在植被重建中不宜种植食用植物,以避免食物链的污染。     

盐胁迫下转Bt基因棉的K+、Na+转运及SOD活性的变化

通过对转Bt基因棉(苏抗103)和受体棉(苏棉12)在不同浓度盐胁迫条件下的钾钠离子的转运、累积分布以及它们SOD活性和H2O2含量变化的比较,证明了Bt抗虫基因的导入一方面导致棉花植株地上部钾累积增多,根部钾含量降低,从根往地上部的钾转运能力增强,而且根吸收能力也有增强趋势;然而另一方面,受盐胁迫时转Bt基因棉对钾的向上运输选择性减弱,地上部钠积累偏多,盐耐性减弱;SOD活性受盐胁迫影响,下降显著,超氧自由基的清除能力可能受到影响。结果表明,与常规棉有所不同,转Bt基因棉可能不太适宜在盐碱土壤上种植。     

基于XML的土壤系统分类检索系统的元数据模型

土壤系统分类的检索系统是以定量化特征为主,描述土壤的知识体系,具有严格的逻辑一致性和完整性,是建立土壤信息元数据模型的重要基础。XML是先进的网络语言标准,采用可扩展的标记,能够描述各种数据结构,是网络信息共享的重要工具。本研究分析了目前土壤信息共享中存在的问题,提出了以中国土壤系统分类检索系统为主体,参照中国土壤分类与代码的国家标准和ISO地理信息元数据标准,采用XML为描述语言,建立的土壤信息元数据模型,为实现土壤信息共享提供解决方案。     

钾在红壤肥际微域中的迁移

钾是植物生长必需的大量元素,施入土壤中的钾主要通过扩散作用与作物根系接触而被吸收利用,其在土壤中的扩散受水分、温度,质地等多种因素的影响[1]。研究钾在土壤中的迁移距离和形态变化有助于了解钾的土壤化学行为,从而指导合理施肥。肥料施入土壤后,特别在集中施用时(条施、穴施、带施等)都会在肥料附近造成一个特殊的环境,在这一微域内,肥料养分的浓度数倍或十几倍于整个土体,它必然会引起一系列特殊的物理、化学、物理化学和生物学的反应。这些反应常常对土壤生产力和植物营养会产生很大影响,研究这一区别于整个土体的特殊区域的特殊反…     

好氧反硝化菌的分离及其在土壤氮素转化过程中的作用

在土壤厌氧条件下发生的生物反硝化作用是影响作物对土壤氮素利用率和影响环境质量的重要氮素转化过程.本研究从土壤中分离到在好氧条件下也能进行反硝化的3株细菌.其中1株为严格好氧的异养菌,编号为AD26.另外2株为兼性菌,分别为AD7和AD60.根据其形态和生理生化特征初步鉴定为假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas sp.）.在好氧培养的液体培养基中AD26和AD7在24h内能通过反硝化作用使硝态氮表观损失率分别达到21%和18%.而在好氧的土壤培养中,二个菌株在3 d内能使土壤中硝态氮表观损失率达到56%,同时少有反硝化中间产物的积累.因此,在农业生产中不应忽视在好氧条件下的生物反硝化作用.     

Soil colloids-bound plasmid DNA: Effect on transformation of E. coli and resistance to DNase I degradation

The adsorption and binding of plasmid p34S DNA on four different colloidal fractions from a Brown soil and clay minerals in the presence of various Ca²⁺ concentrations, the ability of bound DNA to transform competent cells of CaCl₂-treated Escherichia coli, and the resistance of bound DNA to degradation by DNase I were studied. DNA adsorption on soil colloids and clay minerals was promoted in the presence of Ca²⁺. Kaolinite exhibited the highest adsorption affinity for DNA among the examined soil colloids and clay minerals. In comparison with organo-mineral complexes (organic clays) and fine clays (<0.2 μm), DNA was tightly adsorbed by H₂O₂-treated clays (inorganic clays) and coarse clays (0.2-2 μm). The transformation efficiency of bound DNA increased with increasing concentrations of Ca²⁺ at which soil colloid or clay mineral-DNA complexes were formed. DNA bound by kaolinite showed the lowest transformation efficiency, and especially no transformants were observed with kaolinite-DNA complex prepared at 5-100 mM Ca²⁺. Compared to organic clays and fine clays, DNA bound on inorganic clays and coarse clays showed a lower capacity to transform E. coli at different Ca²⁺ concentrations. The presence of soil colloids and minerals provided protection to DNA against degradation by DNase I. Montmorillonite, organic clays and fine clays showed stronger protective effects for DNA than inorganic clays and coarse clays. The protection mechanisms as well as the differences in transforming efficiency of plasmid DNA molecules bound on various soil colloidal particles are discussed. The information obtained in this study is of fundamental significance for the understanding of the horizontal dissemination of recombinant DNA and the fate of extracellular DNA in soil environments.     

Enhanced Bacillus thuringiensis Production from Sewage Sludge with Alkaline and Ultrasonic Pretreatments

Sewage sludge is a cost-effective media for the production of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) based biopesticides. To enhance the entomotoxicity of the fermentation broth, pretreatments of sewage sludge by alkali and ultrasonic were applied in this study. Effects of alkaline and ultrasonic pretreatments on the soluble COD (SCOD) and total COD (TCOD) were evaluated by altering the alkali addition dose and the ultrasonic specific energy. Suitable pretreatment conditions were optimized with 5 g l^?1 sodium hydroxide (NaOH) for alkaline treatment and 1.2?×?10⁵ kJ kg^?1 of total solid for ultrasonic treatment. Fermentations of raw and pretreated sludge for biopesticides were carried out in a bench scale fermentor. Results revealed that both pretreatments were effective for Bt growth and metabolism. Higher viable cells (VC) and viable spores (VS) counts, δ-endotoxin yields and entomotoxicity were achieved in the pretreated sludge. The enhancement was attributed to more available nutrients and better oxygen transfer. Moreover, ultrasonic pretreated sludge was superior to alkaline pretreated sludge for δ-endotoxin production and entomotoxicity owing to its higher soluble C/N ratio and finer particles.