Outbreaks of early-season trichostrongylosis in calves in Denmark

This paper describes clinically manifest infections occurring as early as June and early July in first-season grazing calves in Denmark during the period 1972-1987. Two severe outbreaks in 1976, included in our experiments, were studied in detail. Herbage infectivity was particularly high in grass tufts surrounding cow pats that were present in high numbers around the time of turnout. It is hypothesized that the preceding extremely dry summer followed by a hard winter had indirectly retarded degradation of dung pats and thereby favoured the overwintering of the larval populations in the dung reservoirs. In a third experiment, conducted in the same year, the epidemiological pattern was more normal; presumably due to artificial irrigation of the pasture during the drought. Early-season cases that were recorded in 1980 and 1987 could possibly be related to cold winters and/or very early turnout. The findings are discussed in the light of ecological factors responsible for the breakdown of cow pats. The clinical implications are seen in relation to current control methods.     

Conduciveness of different soilless growing media to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pythium</Emphasis> root and crown rot of cucumber under near-commercial conditions

Substrates made from rockwool, coir dust, pumice and perlite were compared for conduciveness to Pythium root and crown rot in cucumber under near-commercial conditions. Rockwool slabs of 7 cm height were more conducive to the Pythium disease than coir dust slabs, pumice or perlite under these conditions. Temperature, oxygen concentration and water content were determined in the substrates to explain differences in conduciveness between the inorganic substrates rockwool, pumice and perlite by differences in the physical conditions. Temperature and oxygen concentration could not explain the differences but the higher disease level on rockwool was associated with a much higher water content of this substrate as compared to coir dust, pumice and perlite. Increasing the height of the substrate from 7 to 14 cm greatly decreased the percentage of diseased plants due to the Pythium disease on rockwool but had no effect on the level of disease on perlite when the substrate had been infested 4 cm below the planting hole. This difference in response in substrate height between rockwool and perlite could be explained by a much larger decrease in water content with substrate height in the rockwool than in the perlite substrate. Temperature in the substrates were above 30 °C for more than 6 h on sunny days in June and reached maximum values of 35 °C or more. These temperatures are highly favourable for the pathogen P. aphanidermatum but will have adverse effects on most biocontrol strains.