In Vitro Bile‐Acid‐Binding of Whole vs. Pearled Wheat Grain

Health benefits of consuming whole grains are reduced risk of heart disease, stroke, and cancer. The U.S. Health and Human Services and USDA dietary guidelines recommend consumption of 6–10 oz of grain products daily and one‐half of that amount should contain whole grains. Whole grains contain vitamins, minerals, fiber, and phytonutrients. Bile‐acid‐binding capacity has been related to cholesterol lowering potential of food fractions. Lowered recirculating bile acids results in utilization of cholesterol to synthesize bile acid and reduced fat absorption. Secondary bile acids have been associated with increased risk of cancer. Bile‐acid‐binding potential has been related to lowering the risk of heart disease and that of cancer. It has been reported that bile‐acid‐binding of wheat bran is not related to its total dietary fiber (TDF) content. Whole (W) grain as well as pearled (P) hard red winter wheat (Hrw), hard white winter wheat (Hww), and durum wheat (DU) cooked grains were evaluated for in vitro, bile‐acid‐binding relative to cholestryramine (a cholesterol lowering bile‐acid‐binding drug). On dry matter basis (db) relative bile‐acid‐binding values were 7.7% WHrw; 7.5% WHww; 6.3% PHww; 6.0% PHrw; 5.5% WDU; and 5.4% PDU. On a TDF basis, binding values were 42–57% of that for cholestyramine for the whole and pearled wheat grains tested. Bile‐acid‐binding values (db) for WHrw and WHww were similar and significantly higher than those of PHww, PHrw, WDU and PDU. Similar bile‐acid‐binding of WHww to that of WHrw suggest that the red color commonly associated with whole grain may not necessarily indicate more healthful potential. Data suggest that cooked WHrw and WHww wheat have significantly higher health‐promoting potential than pearled grains. WDU or PDU wheat health‐promoting potential was similar to that of PHww or PHrw. Consumption of products containing WHrw and WHww are recommended.     

苦豆子种子抽提物对两种蔬菜害虫的活性

在害虫防治中,面对化学防治出现的一些问题,本文采集广泛分布于我国西北地区的野生豆科植物苦豆子Sophora alopecuroida(L.),采取有机溶剂制备提取物,测定了对两种蔬菜害虫的生物活性,结果简报如下。 1.1 苦豆子提取物制备及试验方法将苦豆子种子用植物粉碎机粉碎并过40目筛,在实验室以索氏抽提器进行抽提,然后将提取物在旋转蒸发器内蒸干,将此提取物稀释后进行毒力测定。供试虫为萝卜蚜Li-     

甜菜花叶病毒病研究之二——感病细胞超微结构观察

 对不同时期感染甜菜花叶病毒(BtMV)的叶片,进行病理变化系列观察。早期侵染(7天前)的细胞质、细胞器均无变化,随着症状发展,风轮状内含体、束状内含体、细胞核卫星体,细胞质泡囊化旁类似病毒的束状结构,20天达到了高峰,风轮状及束状内含体一直持续两个月还存在。田间样品也观察到了典型的风轮状及束状内含体。细胞核卫星体出现很少。侵染后期,细胞质减少,叶绿体比相应健株提前出现淀粉粒,噬锇颗粒等,基粒片层也提前消解,表现细胞提前衰老的特征。此外细胞内还有许多健株没有的泡状结构。一种为旁壁体,可能与细胞壁加厚有关;一种为多重泡体的叠加,可能是液泡的吞噬作用加强与外源物质(BtMV)侵入有关;另外还有一种可能是过氧化物酶体或线粒体在病毒诱导下泡囊化,其作用不清楚。     

苦楝中几种杀虫有效成分对菜青虫和亚洲玉米螟的生物活性

采用生物活性追踪法,从苦楝根皮、树皮和果实中分离出多种四环三萜类杀虫有效成分。这些成分对菜青虫和亚洲玉米螟均表现出明显的拒食活性,川楝素对菜肯虫还有明显的胃毒活性。从苦楝中分离出的几种非四环三萜类物质对昆虫的生物活性均较低,仅表现出一定的拒食活性。另外对几种三萜衍生物的生物活性进行了测定与比较。     

光活化农药的研究与应用

结合作者近期的研究工作，对光活化农药的研究现状、作用机理、应用前景及其与新农药创 制的关系进行了综述。     

两种化合物对菜粉蝶幼虫超氧化物歧化酶的影响

室内测试了菜粉蝶 Pieris rapae 4 龄幼虫超氧化物歧化酶的活性，并就 α -三噻吩（ α -terthienyl）和化合物5［1-苯基-4-（3，4-亚甲基 二氧）苯基-丁二炔］两种化合物对其产生的影响进行了比较研究。结果表明，近紫外光照 （300～400 nm）可增强对幼虫超氧化物歧化酶活体活力( in vivo )和离体活力( in vitro )。经光敏化合物处理后，在紫外光照下，超氧化物歧化酶活体活力基本不受化合物 5的影响，但能被 α -三噻吩抑制；离体情况下，无论光照与否，化 合物5均不影响其活力， α -三噻吩在低剂量下有抑制作用，而在高剂量下则可使其活力 增强，显示了不同的剂量反应关系。表明无论在离体还是活体的情况下，幼虫对 α -三噻吩的光敏性优于化合物5。对两种化合物光敏作用的可能机理进行 了探讨。     

一种病毒抑制物质NS-83的研制及其对番茄预防TMV初侵染的研究

 本文论述了几种长链醇和长链酸,在番茄上对TMV初侵染的抑制作用。测试了壬醇、癸醇、十一(烷)醇、十二(烷)醇、十四醇、十六醇、十八醇等长链醇。试验的脂肪酸有二十二酸、二十二酸钠、混合脂肪酸和NS-83制剂。菜籽油中的脂肪酸含有1.1%二十二酸、35~36%顺-二十二烯-13酸(芥酸)、11~12%花生酸、12.4~12.7%亚麻酸、12.7~12.9%亚油酸、11~11.3%油酸、2.5%二十四烯酸、2%花生烯酸、4%木焦油酸、1.8~2%硬脂酸和3.1%软脂酸。这些脂肪酸的混合剂对侵染番茄的TMV的抑制作用与纯二十二酸单独的抑制作用相接近。NS-83制剂是由混合脂肪酸制备,防病效果更好,与目前其他一些抑制物质相比较,成本低廉,可用于防治番茄病毒病。此外,这种抑制物质似具有诱导番茄对TMV的初侵染以及对TMV和CMV产生耐病性的能力。其实际效果的机理,有待进一步试验,加以证明。     

雷公藤对菜青虫的毒理效应及防治试验

本试验研究了雷公藤属(Tripterygium)二种植物(雷公藤(T.wilfordii)及昆明山海棠,(T.hypoglaucum)的抽提物对青菜虫(Pieis rapae)的一些室内毒理效应及田间防治试验。结果表明,二种植物的抽提物对菜青虫具有拒食、毒杀,抑制生长发育等作用;处理后的幼虫大多数在体表出现黑斑,黑斑部分的表皮结构受到破坏;从昆明山海棠中抽提的一种纯生物碱——雷公藤次碱对菜青虫的体重和呼吸作用有严重的影响;同时,处理幼虫的脂肪体少且不饱满,消化道干瘪,中肠肠壁细胞和围食膜受到破坏。雷公藤根皮乙醇抽提物用于田间防治菜青虫效果良好。     

The assessment of rill irrigation and perforated pipes for Lowland paddy rice under the system of rice intensification (SRI)

Paddy and Water Environment - Irrigated paddy rice needs new strategies and tools to improve water use efficiency and productivity by applying just enough to sustain production with huge savings on...     

Real-time observation and prediction of physical processes in a typhoon-affected lake

A nowcasting system integrating observations and a numerical model was developed to better understand the spatial distributions and temporal variations in the dynamics of a small, subtropical lake occasionally influenced by severe rainstorms. The nowcasting system was used to monitor real-time meteorological conditions and thermal structures, to provide spatial information on the thermal and flow dynamics from model predictions, and to compare the predictions with the observations. The system was also able to determine whether the instruments collecting field data were performing correctly using telemetry operations. The nowcasting system was initially operated in the spring of 2009 in Yuan-Yang Lake, Taiwan. Rainstorm-induced mixing occurred due to Typhoon Morakot during August 7–9, 2009. The mixing was observed by the instruments, and the spatial distributions and temporal variations during the mixing were successfully predicted by the three-dimensional hydrodynamic lake model. A quantitative comparison of the energy balances among the heat, wind, and water inflow inputs to the lake implied that the typhoon-induced mixing was primarily caused by strong winds. The model predictions showed that the lake experienced mixing and flooding (large amounts of inflow/outflow discharges), resulting in homogenous temperatures and flows that moved to the outlet of the lake.