Synthesis and insecticidal/acaricidal activity of novel 3‐(2,4,6‐trisubstituted phenyl)uracil derivatives

A series of novel 3‐(2,4,6‐trisubstituted phenyl)uracil derivatives has been synthesised and assayed for insecticidal/acaricidal activity. The assay indicated certain requirements for optimal insecticidal activity, which can be summarised as follows: (a) the substituents on the phenyl ring should possess hydrophobicity and electron‐withdrawing properties, and the sum of their volumes determines the level of activity; (b) the substituent at the 6‐position on the uracil ring should also possess electron‐withdrawing properties and hydrophobicity, together with the correct volume; (c) the 1‐position on the uracil ring should be unsubstituted for activity against Nephotettix cincticeps and Epilachna vigintioctopunctata, but substituents with length C3 to C4 may be optimal for activity against Tetranychus urticae; (d) certain substituents at the 5‐position of the uracil ring give activity against E vigintioctopunctata and T urticae, but not against N cincticeps; (e) a thiocarbonyl group at the 2‐position of the uracil ring is less effective than a carbonyl group. Of the compounds assayed, 3‐(2,6‐dichloro‐4‐trifluoromethylphenyl)‐6‐trifluoromethyluracil showed high activity against all the species assayed. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

秸秆条带状覆盖对稻田CH_4和N_2O排放的影响

采用3种秸秆还田方式(对照、秸秆均匀混施和秸秆条带状覆盖)进行田间试验,观测稻田CH4和N2O的排放通量,以探讨秸秆条带状覆盖对稻田CH4和N2O排放的影响。结果表明:秸秆条带状覆盖的CH4排放量是对照的2.7倍,二者的N2O排放量无明显差异;秸秆条带状覆盖的稻田CH4排放量较秸秆均匀混施减少32%,其N2O排放量是后者的5.1倍;稻田排放CH4和N2O的全球增温潜势(GWP)为:秸秆均匀混施秸秆条带状覆盖对照,且差异显著;秸秆条带状覆盖的水稻产量分别较对照和秸秆均匀混施增加27%和17%。秸秆条带状覆盖是值得推荐的稻季秸秆还田方式。     

A time-series data analysis to examine effects of subsidies to fishery productions in Japan

A cointegration analysis is conducted to examine the effect of fishery subsidies on fisheries production using data compiled over more than 30 years in Japan. The results illustrate that one fishery production indicator (production value per fishermen) shows a positive relationship with one particular group of government financial transfer (GFT) (that is, government general service expenditures including cost for fishery managements, scientific researches, and other administrative activities). No other tested results between GFTs and fishery indicators showed a real relationship. Although further scrutiny is awaited, this study could provide an empirical basis for an argument that, under an effective fishing management system, fisheries subsidies do not necessarily cause production increases or negative impact on fishing stocks.     

Comparison of worm control strategies in grazing sheep in Denmark.

Control of nematode parasites with reduced reliance on the use of anthelmintics was studied in 16 ewes with suckling twin lambs on contaminated pasture in Denmark. Ewes and lambs were treated with albendazole at turn-out 3 May. Ewes were removed from the groups on 26 July, and lambs were slaughtered on 11 October. The animals were allocated to 4 groups of 8 lambs and their 4 ewes. Group TS was treated with albendazole at weeks 3, 6 and 8 after turnout and set-stocked; group TM was similarly treated but moved to clean pasture in conjunction with the last drenching; group US was untreated and set-stocked, and group UM was left untreated but moved to clean pasture week 8 after turn-out. Supplementary feed was offered in June and August due to scarcity of pasture. Strategic treatments of ewes and lambs weeks 3, 6 and 8 after turn-out, with or without a move to clean pasture, were highly effective in controlling nematode infections for most of the season. This was reflected in better weight gains and carcass characteristics in the treated compared to untreated lambs, resulting in an average increase in the value of the product by 36%. The effect of moving without treatment (UM) on faecal egg counts was limited but peak pasture infectivity was reduced to less than 10% compared to the set-stocked group and weight gains of lambs were significantly better despite poor feed availability in late season. The study showed that under set-stocked conditions repeated anthelmintic treatments of both ewes and lambs in early season may ensure sufficient nematode control whereas moving animals to clean pasture without dosing was less efficient. The latter may, however, still be a viable option in organic and other production systems where routine use of anthelmintics is banned, particularly if weaning and moving are combined or a second move is performed.     

Preparation of monoclonal antibodies to Theileria sergenti and their reactivity to antigens in experimentally infected cattle

Two distinct monoclonal antibodies (3-H and 11-D) were produced against Theileria sergenti. These two new products, together with monoclonal antibody 1-G obtained in a previous study, were used to detect the parasites in experimentally infected cattle. During the first period of dexamethasone treatment, which was carried out to increase parasitemia in the infected cattle, the number of erythrocytes detected by 3-H, 11-D and 1-D increased in two experimentally infected calves. During the second period of dexamethasone treatment, the number of infected erythrocytes detected by 3-H and 11-D were similarly increased, but the number of infected erythrocytes detected by 1-G did not increase and infected erythrocytes in one calf were not detected by 1-G.     

Identification of galegine, an isoprenyl guanidine, as the toxic principle of Schoenus asperocarpus (poison sedge)

SUMMARY An Isoprenyl guanldine, galegine, was isolated from the Western Australian sedge Schoenus asperocarpus (Cyperaceae). Synthetic galegine was shown to reproduce the clinical and pathological features of poisoning by this plant. Preliminary results suggest that the massive thoracic effusion observed in sedge poisoning is the result of a direct effect on pulmonary vascular permeability.     

Residues from long-acting antimicrobial preparations in injection sites in cattle

Objective To investigate tissue residues of two longacting oxytetracycline (OTC) preparations in cattle.
Design A randomised drug residue trial.  

Animals

Two hundred and forty beef cattle in 24 groups of ten.
Procedure Two blind-coded 200 mg/mL OTC preparations were used in five treatment regimens of various combinations of injection sites (from one to five) and administrations (one or two). Five cattle from each group were slaughtered at 21, 30 and 60 days after injection and the injection site, urine, kidney and diaphragm muscle analysed for residues.
Results The OTC concentration exceeded the maximum residue limit in kidney in animals slaughtered 21 days after treatment, which is the prescribed withholding period. Concentration at the injection site was much greater than the maximum residue limit 30 days post-treatment, but not 45 days post-treatment. The residue was smaller when OTC had been injected in multiple sites. There was no difference between the two OTC preparations.
Conclusion A review of the maximum injection volume, site of injection and the withholding period is needed for long-acting OTC formulations.