锯片切割式扇贝开壳试验台的设计与试验

目前扇贝加工所采用的开壳设备还有很多缺陷,如开壳率低、贝柱品质差等。以海湾扇贝为研究对象,分析对比海湾扇贝的各种开壳机理,提出另一种开壳方法——蒸汽喷射法,并根据该方法设计锯片切割式扇贝开壳试验台,分析其工作原理,并设计关键部件和控制系统。在锯片切割式扇贝开壳试验台上展开一系列相关试验,发现试验台的不足与缺陷,并分析对开壳效果影响较大的因素。为扇贝加工设备的研制提供一定的科学指导以及理论依据,对于提高扇贝开壳效率和开壳质量具有积极的意义。     

Comparison of the distribution of mineral nutrients and active substances in dehydration- and salinity-stressed Aloe vera L.

Changes in growth and distribution of inorganic mineral elements and organic active substances in seedlings of A. vera were examined under treatments of ?0.44 and ?0.88 MPa polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG) and corresponding isosmotic sodium chloride (NaCl). All stress treatments inhibited plant growth, with NaCl severely inhibiting the growth of the seedlings than PEG. However, leaf biomass did not change significantly. The nitrogen concentration under PEG was maintained higher than that under NaCl. Salinity caused more severe ionic imbalance than dehydration. However, when the concentration of NaCl was increased, ion homeostasis was maintained. Stressors induced an increase in aloin concentration in leaves, especially in young leaves. Polysaccharide concentrations in leaves did not change under dehydration. However, the polysaccharide concentration decreased in the middle and base leaves under NaCl. A. vera exhibited high adaptability to suitable osmotic stress, which increases its main active ingredients in leaves.     

岩溶生态脆弱区水安全动态模拟及其演变机制

[目的]揭示影响贵州省城市水安全的主要驱动因子,为贵州省相关部门提供参考和科学依据。[方法]基于系统动力学方法建立水安全系统模型,仿真模拟贵州省水安全系统的贵阳模式、遵义模式、毕节模式和协调型模式4种不同模式下的水资源子系统、水环境子系统、水灾害子系统的发展演变规律。[结果]农业灌溉用水定额、水土流失面积比、水质达标率和环境资本投资率是贵州省水安全系统的主要驱动因子;在协调型模式下,贵州省水安全系统在2025年以前处于最佳状态,比其他3种模式优越。[结论]在不同情景模式的模拟下,只有在协调型模式下水资源子系统、水环境子系统、水灾害子系统处于最佳状态,能够获得最大的经济效益和环境效益。     

环丙唑醇对映体的反相高效液相色谱分离及其热力学研究

在高效液相色谱反相条件下,利用手性色谱柱Lux Cellulose-1(纤维素-三(3,5-二甲基苯基氨基甲酸酯,粒径分别为3μm和5μm)对环丙唑醇4个对映异构体进行了直接手性拆分研究。考察了不同粒径、流动相组成和柱温对环丙唑醇对映体色谱保留及分离的影响;并采用在线旋光检测器研究了环丙唑醇对映体的洗脱顺序;同时,利用热力学方法对对映体与固定相之间的色谱保留和分离的热力学机理进行了探讨。结果表明:以乙腈-水为流动相比甲醇-水具有更好的拆分效果,柱温降低有利于对映体的拆分;在以V(乙腈)∶V(水)=60∶40为流动相、柱温为20℃的条件下,环丙唑醇对映体在3μm(流速0.3 m L/min)和5μm(流速1.0 m L/min)色谱柱上均可得到较好分离,在满足对映体完全分离的情况下,建议优先使用3μm色谱柱,异构体洗脱顺序为(+/+/-/-);而当流动相由乙腈-水变为甲醇-水时,对映体的洗脱顺序则变为(+/-/+/-)。热力学研究结果表明:在5~40℃试验温度范围内,van't Hoff方程的线性关系良好(R20.92);以乙腈-水作为流动相时,环丙唑醇对映体的拆分过程受焓驱动;而以甲醇-水为流动相时,对映体的拆分过程既受焓驱动又受熵驱动。     

茶刺蛾核型多角体病毒多角体的增殖动态与生产工艺

为了解茶刺蛾核型多角体病毒(Iragoides fasciata nucleopolyhedrovirus IrfaNPV)的增殖特性、指导茶刺蛾病毒的生产,采用室内活体增殖法,测定了IrfaNPV多角体在茶刺蛾幼虫体内的增殖动态,并设计了工艺流程,进行了大量繁殖生产试验。结果显示,IrfaNPV多角体在虫体内的增殖动态符合Logistic曲线,饲毒后9~12d为病毒快速增殖期。按设计的生产工艺进行病毒大量繁殖生产,虫尸中病毒多角体平均可达8.3×108 PIB/头,茧中病毒多角体含量平均为6.4×108 PIB/头。该工艺可用于今后茶刺蛾病毒的大量生产。     

草甘膦异丙胺盐杀灭香蕉病毒病植株的研究

本研究比较了41%草甘膦异丙胺盐水剂喷雾、假茎注射和叶鞘点滴3种施用方法对香蕉病毒病病株的灭除效果。结果表明:(1)香蕉假茎注射3、5和10mL草甘膦异丙胺盐,随着注射剂量的增加,香蕉株高抑制率、叶片死亡率、植株枯死率增加,注射10mL,药后30d的植株死亡率为90.0%,显著高于其他2个处理。(2)草甘膦异丙胺盐稀释成200倍液喷雾处理香蕉,药后30d,植株枯死率达93.3%,显著高于300、400倍液处理。(3)3种使用方法比较,药后15d,喷雾法处理的叶片、植株枯死率显著高于假茎注射和叶鞘点滴法,而对株高抑制率差异不显著,药后30d,3种使用方法的灭除效果等于或高于90.0%,处理间差异不显著。考虑操作的方便,叶鞘点滴法和假茎注射法可作为防除感染病毒病香蕉植株的高效使用方法,注射和点滴剂量为10mL。     

膜下滴灌对水稻根系形态及生理性状的影响

为探明水稻在膜下滴灌灌溉方式下根系生长发生的变化,设置小区试验与传统淹灌进行对比,以粳稻品种“T-04”和“T-43”为材料,研究了膜下滴灌灌溉方式对水稻根系形态、根系氧化力和硝酸还原酶的影响.结果表明:土表下20 cm深度,膜下滴灌水稻的根系长度、表面积、体积和平均直径都高于传统淹灌,并且差异具有统计学意义.土表下40 cm,膜下滴灌对水稻根系形态影响不具有统计学意义;水稻根系氧化力都是呈先增大,后减小的趋势,水稻根系氧化力最大期因品种而异.分蘖期膜下滴灌对水稻根系氧化力的影响因品种而异,但在拔节孕穗期、齐穗期和乳熟期,膜下滴灌水稻根系氧化力高于传统淹灌,并且差异具有统计学意义,膜下滴灌水稻后期根系具有较强的抗衰老能力;膜下滴灌水稻根系硝酸还原酶活性高于传统淹灌,但在分蘖期和乳熟期的差异不具有统计学意义,在拔节孕穗期和齐穗期差异具有统计学意义.     

基于大涡模拟的射流自吸式离心泵非定常流动分析

为了研究射流自吸式离心泵的非定常流动特性,选取内置射流喷嘴的自吸式离心泵作为研究对象,在定常数值计算的基础上采用大涡模拟技术对其进行了非定常数值求解,获得了全流场的流动信息,以第4圈收敛后的流场为例,分析了1个周期内不同时刻下的流场变化规律,并监测射流器内监测点的压力脉动,通过快速傅里叶变换(FFT)分析了监测点的频域特性.结果表明:在1个旋转周期内低压区始终位于射流器直线段,高压区位于泵腔内;靠近叶轮进口位置监测点的压力脉动值要小于靠近喷嘴附近的值;设计工况下,各个监测点的压力脉动最强频率在290.06 Hz附近,监测点的数值模拟主频与理论计算所得的转频与叶频略有偏差,压力脉动集中在fn~3f_n区间的低频区域.     

Cloning of a novel phytase from an anaerobic rumen bacterium,Mitsuokella jalaludinii,and its expression in Escherichia coli

The full length phytase gene of Mitsuokella jalaludinii was successfully cloned and was found to be 1 047 bp in length, with 348 amino acids, and was designated as PHY7 phytase gene. A comparison of the sequence of PHY7 phytase gene of M. jalaludinii with various microbial phytase gene sequences showed that it was not similar to those from other bacteria except Selenomonas ruminatium, thus suggesting that they may both express a new class of phytase. The PHY7 phytase gene was subsequently subcloned into bacterial expression vector, p ET32 a, for expression in Escherichia coli strain Rosetta-gami. Expression of the recombinant phytase gene was optimised and characterised. The recombinant phytase was estimated to be approximately 55 k Da by SDS-PAGE analysis. The recombinant phytase exhibited optimum activity at 55°C, p H 4.5 and showed good p H stability from p H 3.5 to 5.5(78% relative activity). Metal ions such as Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+ were found to exert significant stimulatory effect on the recombinant phytase activity while Cu2+, Fe3+, and Zn2+ greatly inhibited the enzyme activity. The recombinant phytase showed moderate resistance to trypsin proteolysis, but susceptible to pepsin proteolysis. The results of the study showed that several characteristics of recombinant phytase were slightly different from the native enzyme. Unfavourable characteristics such as reduced p H stability and metal ion effects should be taken into consideration during feed enzyme formulation.