DNA分子标记检测家蚕苏菊、明虎品种和纯度的研究

利用单粒卵微量DNA抽提法,从江苏省家蚕主要品种苏菊、明虎及其一代杂交种蚕卵快速提取出基因组DNA,用筛选出的 RAPD随机引物S77稳定扩增出苏菊、明虎的DNA特异性片段RS和RM,克隆和测序后大小分别为1694bp和1303bp,使用Blastn程序在NCBI 数据库检索发现,Rs的nt30-429与一个家蚕WGS(whole genome shotgun sequence)(dbj|BAAB01119085．1,contis504766)的nt472-874有92％的同源性,其中存在11个空缺位点(Gaps);RM的nt1070-1301与另一个家蚕WGS(dbj|BAAB01141578．1,contig554782)的nt262-31有91％的碱基相同,其中存在2个Gaps。进一步根据RS和RM序列合成SCAR标记引物PS-1(FP:5’ttccccccagtacgcaataac3’,RP:5’ ttccccccagacgtcacgtact3’)和PM-1(FP:5’ttcccccagtgatggaatttacg3’,RP:5’ttccccccagtccaatgttaca3’),能够准确、快速地鉴别所标记的苏菊、明虎及其F1蚕品种。     

侵染昆明玫瑰的李坏死环斑病毒的鉴定及其分子检测

采集昆明地区种植的花叶症状明显的玫瑰样品,运用现代分子生物学技术与常规技术相结合的方法,初步鉴定引起玫瑰花叶病的主要病毒病原为李坏死环斑病毒.该病毒引起玫瑰植株的系统花叶、畸形和皱缩等症状;电镜下病毒粒体为球形,直径为22～23nm;ELISA检测发现该病毒在植株芽、花粉和顶部叶片的浓度最高;同时,根据外壳蛋白的保守区利用Primer 5.0设计该病毒的特异引物,对该病毒进行分子检测,得到450bp的预期DNA片断,并在此基础上,进行了巢式RT-PCR的分子检测,表明巢式RT-PCR的检测能力最强.并通过序列的同源性分析得知该病毒的外壳蛋白与已知PNRSV的同源性为98.0%,进一步证明了该病毒为李坏死环斑病毒.     

抗草甘膦棉花研究进展

抗草甘膦棉花最早于1997在美国释放,它是通过将编码抗草甘膦酶5-烯醇式丙酮酰莽草酸-3-磷酸合成酶基因导入珂字棉312而获得的抗性株.抗草甘膦棉花在美国的种植面积占棉花总种植面积从1997年的3.2%到增加到2005年的60%左右.在这近十年内,抗草甘膦棉花虽然得到了广泛的种植,但也存在着不少问题,其中最为突出的是草甘膦的施用方法和时期的不正确操作对抗草甘膦棉花的根系生长、育性和产量都产生了负面影响.这主要是因为:1、外界因素,包括草甘膦施用方法在内的其他栽培措施和不利的环境条件,如高温,对抗草甘膦棉花的产量及生长的影响;2、内部因素,抗草甘膦棉花不同器官对草甘膦的吸收量及抗草甘膦基因的表达量差异有关.因此,本文从抗草甘膦棉花对草甘膦的吸收分配、草甘膦的施用量和时期对抗草甘膦棉花根系生长、花药开裂及产量等方面综述了这些年来抗草甘膦棉花在应用过程中的问题,并且对今后抗草甘膦棉花育种方面作了展望.     

水分亏缺对烤烟光合特性和氮代谢的影响

通过真空表式土壤张力计监测土壤水势,以正常氮处理的烟株为对照,对生育后期由于施肥过多而严重影响烟叶品质的烤烟K326和NC89,进行有控制的水分亏缺处理,研究以水控氮对烤烟光合特性和氮代谢的影响,探讨以水调肥改善烟叶品质的生理原因。结果表明：两种氮肥营养下,土壤水分亏缺降低了叶片的净光合速率和蒸腾速率,而施高氮较好的抑制了这种下降;适度的土壤水分亏缺抑制了硝酸还原酶的活性,降低了中上部叶全氮的含量,从而有效抑制了高氮营养下烤烟成熟期的氮代谢。     

Effects of stocking density, diet, and water exchange on growth and survival of pearl oyster Pinctada maxima larvae

Three experiments were carried out to separately investigate the effects of stocking density (1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 larvae ml^?1), diet (Isochrysis zhanjiangensis, Chlorella spp., Nannochloropsis oculata, 50 % I. zhanjiangensis/50 % Chlorella spp. and 50 % I. zhanjiangensis/50 % N. oculata), and water exchange (25 % once every other day and 25, 50 and 100 % once daily) on growth and survival of pearl oyster Pinctada maxima larvae. Results showed that there existed significant effects of stocking density, diet, and water exchange on the growth of pearl oyster larvae (P < 0.05). Larval survival was significantly affected by stocking density and diet (P < 0.05), but not by water exchange (P > 0.05). Larval growth decreased significantly with increasing stocking density (P < 0.05). A density of 1.0–4.0 larvae ml^?1 was optimal for larval growth of pearl oyster. Chlorella spp. and N. oculata could replace 50 % of I. zhanjiangensis as a food source for the pearl oyster larvae without affecting growth and survival. A water exchange of 25 % once daily provided optimum larval growth and survival.     

桑沟湾沉积物有机质的碳氮稳定同位素分析及其来源解析

本研究分析了桑沟湾表层沉积物的粒度、总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)、碳和氮稳定同位素(δ13C和δ15N)的时空分布特征,估算了贝藻生物沉积对近海沉积物有机质的贡献。结果显示,桑沟湾沉积物成分组成以粉砂为主,且粒径分布与海水养殖和水动力学条件密切相关;TOC、TN的季节变化和平面分布均呈相似性,数值上总体表现为春季最高,秋季最低,季节差异不大,在贝藻、鱼贝和贝类养殖区域出现较高值;而δ13C和δ15N的季节变化和平面分布有较大差异。从相关性分析可以看出,TOC和TN呈极显著正相关(r=0.955, P<0.001),表明桑沟湾表层沉积物的TOC和TN具有同源性。根据对δ13C和C/N的综合分析表明,贝类生物沉积、海带(Saccharina japonica)和土壤有机质是桑沟湾沉积物有机质的主要来源。采用三元混合模型估算得到贝类生物沉积贡献率为67.52%,土壤有机质贡献率为26.47%,海带贡献率为5.97%。研究表明,海洋贝藻生物沉积对近海碳埋藏具有显著影响。     

Intestinal microbiota of white shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei,fed diets containing Bacillus subtilis E20‐fermented soybean meal (FSBM) or an antimicrobial peptide derived from B. subtilis E20‐FSBM

The purpose of the present study is to profile the microfloral structure in the intestines of the white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, after being fed a control diet, in comparison with the diets containing Bacillus subtilis E20‐fermented soybean meal (FSBM) or an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) isolated from B. subtilis E20‐FSBM (diets designated FSBMD and AMPD, respectively) for 60 days. Metagenomic data showed detection of eight phyla, 20 classes, 40 orders, 68 families and 96 genera. Despite no statistically significant difference, an evaluation of microbial diversity recorded higher species richness, Shannon–Weaver diversity index and evenness in the AMPD and FSBMD groups, compared to the control diet group. Venn diagrams showed that 58 of the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were shared among the control, FSBMD and AMPD groups, but additional beneficial microbes were only found in the FSBMD and AMPD groups. In addition to the augmentation of beneficial bacteria in the FSBMD and AMPD groups, the abundance of potential pathogens, Vibrio and Flavobacterium, was lower in the gut of shrimp fed the FSBMD and AMPD. The results clearly suggest that the FSBMD and AMPD have the capability to change the microfloral structure of shrimp intestines and could be used for disease prevention in shrimp aquaculture.     

Effects of biochar on microbial community in bioflocs and gut of Oreochromis niloticus reared in a biofloc system

Aquaculture International - This study investigated the effects of biochar application on the bacterial community structure in bioflocs and intestines of Oreochromis niloticus cultured in a biofloc...     

播种机组纯作业时间利用率与地块条件的匹配模型与试验

机械化播种作业是现代农业生产的重要环节,纯作业时间利用率是衡量播种机组作业效率的重要指标。该研究依据农业机组运行机理,在调查研究的基础上,提出季节时间利用率概念,确定了播种机组的作业时间构成,建立了播种机组纯作业时间、转弯时间、加种肥时间的计算模型和3种加肥方式下的播种机组纯作业时间利用率计算模型,明确各参数随地块面积、地块长度等条件变化的一般规律;以此为基础,在机组正常作业状态下,采用定距离多点多设备同步跟踪测的试验方法获取4种典型播种机组各类作业时间数据,并运用3σ原理剔除无效数据;依据所建模型及有效试验数据,采用Matlab 2012b对4种播种机组的纯作业时间利用率随地块条件变化规律进行模拟仿真,并采用Sigmaplot 12.5软件直观表达试验结果;进而探索了播种机组纯作业时间利用率随地块条件化的原因,确定了目标时间利用率条件下不同播种机组与其所适宜的作业地块面积和地块长度的定量关系:播种机组纯作业时间利用率大于0.6时,约翰迪尔7830机组适合作业地块面积大于等于6 hm^2、地块长度为1 200~1 400 m;维美德171机组适宜作业地块面积大于等于6 hm^2、地块长度为1 000~1 200 m;常发504机组适合作业的地块面积大于等于1 hm^2、地块长度为500~1 500 m;黄海254机组适合作业的地块面积大于等于0.3 hm^2、地块长度200~1 500 m。研究成果可为不同地块条件的播种机组选型提供定量依据。