非平衡热力学与生态系统

现代生态系统是以人类为中心的自然生态系统和社会系统的耦合系统。从热力学观点看,生态系统中生物与环境的物质、能量流动必然引起系统熵的变化。本文从非平衡热力学角度讨论生态系统的热力学本质;生态系统的信息熵;生态系统类比;生态平衡。     

采伐对蛟河阔叶红松混交林土壤呼吸的影响

为分析不同采伐强度下土壤呼吸速率的差异及土壤温湿度对土壤呼吸速率的影响,于2013—2015年5—10月,在吉林省蛟河红松阔叶混交林地表无雪期间,使用LI-8100土壤CO2全自动通量测量仪器测量定不同采伐强度土壤呼吸速率及土深5 cm处温、湿度,采伐强度分别为:对照0%、轻度采伐15%、中度采伐25%、重度采伐50%。结果表明:采伐使土壤温度增加、土壤湿度降低。不同采伐强度处理样地的土壤呼吸速率值均显著大于对照样地,在研究的第1年与第2年,轻度采伐与重度采伐样地的土壤呼吸速率之间无显著差异(P>, 0.05),而中度采伐样地的土壤呼吸速率要显著高于轻度采伐处理和重度采伐处理的土壤呼吸速率(P<, 0.05)。在研究的第3年各采伐强度处理的土壤呼吸速率之间差异均不显著(P>, 0.05)。不同采伐强度样地的土壤呼吸与土壤温度之间均呈显著指数相关(P<, 0.001),但与土壤湿度之间相关关系不显著(P>, 0.05)。土壤温度和土壤湿度的双变量复合模型能够更好地解释土壤呼吸速率变化,决定系数R值为45%~74%。各采伐强度处理的土壤呼吸的温度敏感系数Q10值表现为中度采伐>, 重度采伐>, 轻度采伐=对照。在实践生产中,为减小采伐后林地土壤CO2的呼吸量,应采用低强度的采伐作业。      

Seedling density dependence regulated by population density and habitat filtering: Evidence from a mixed primary broad-leaved Korean pine forest in Northeastern China

Key message

The effects of distance dependence, negative density dependence (NDD), phylogenetic density dependence, and habitat filtering were integrated to provide additional evidence in temperate forest tree seedling survival. The main focus of this study was to explore how population density and habitat filtering regulate NDD. An approach involving four classes of population density and three classes of soil moisture was tested, including the effect of habitat variables to more accurately evaluate the underlying ecological processes affecting the density dependence of seedlings.

Context

NDD is an important mechanism for the maintenance of species diversity across multiple life stages, particularly during seedling recruitment. By regulating specific population structures to maintain species diversity, the effects of density dependence and distance dependence are sometimes difficult to distinguish. Nevertheless, the contribution of NDD to community assembly, relative to other processes such as habitat filtering, remains a subject of debate. Recently, it has been reported that seedling survivals are also negatively correlated with phylogenetic relatedness between neighbors and focal individuals. This effect is known as phylogenetic negative density dependence (PNDD). However, another opposite effect known as phylogenetic positive density dependence (PPDD) has also been reported to exist.

Aims

The objectives of this study are to examine the following: (i) how population density affects negative density dependence (NDD); (ii) how habitat filtering regulates the NDD; (iii) whether more evidence can be found for PNDD or PPDD and why; and (iv) whether the intensity of negative density dependence is affected by the distance between parent trees and seedlings.

Methods

The study was conducted in a 20-ha primary mixed broad-leaved Korean pine forest in Changbai Mountain of China. We used generalized linear mixed models to analyze how the seedling survival of 23 woody plant species relates to neighborhoods and habitat variables. Four models were established with and without habitat variables, and two of the four models were used to test how different population densities of focal seedlings and different gradients of habitat variable regulated negative density dependence.

Results

The following results were obtained: (1) the strongest conspecific negative density dependence (CNDD) was found within a radius of 15 m; (2) seedling survival were most strongly impacted by the density of conspecific seedling and adult neighbors in habitats with relatively low soil moisture; (3) the effect of seedling-seedling CNDD was especially significant, when densities ranged from 20 to 40 seedlings/4 m², and (4) there were some evidences of phylogenetic positive density dependence (PPDD), and the effect of seedling-seedling PPDD was increasing with an increase in soil moisture.

Conclusion

Our results demonstrate that conspecific negative density dependence played an important role in seedling survival, which is closely related to habitat filtering and population density. However, we found some evidences of phylogenetic positive density dependence. We suggest that future studies of neighborhood density dependence should increase awareness of evolutionary relationships.

     

消化道环境胁迫对青春双歧杆菌KLDS2.0003粘附能力影响

确定消化道环境胁迫对青春双歧杆菌KLDS2.0003粘附能力、菌体表面性质及菌体细胞膜脂肪酸组成影响.采用体外方法模拟消化道环境,以Caco-2细胞作为粘附模型,青春双歧杆菌KLDS2.0003相继经过模拟唾液、模拟胃液以及模拟肠液处理后,测定经历模拟消化道环境前后存活率、粘附能力、自动聚集能力和表面疏水性,同时采用扫描电镜和透射电镜观察菌体形态以及采用GS-MS法测定菌体处理前后细胞膜脂肪酸组成变化.结果表明,青春双歧杆菌KLDS2.0003经模拟消化道环境胁迫后,粘附能力下降,菌体表面疏水性、自动聚集能力菌下降、菌体细胞形态发生改变,膜不饱和脂肪酸与饱和脂肪酸比例增加,而且有一种新长链不饱和脂肪酸C18:2n6c产生.结果显示,消化道环境胁迫会降低青春双歧杆菌KLDS2.0003粘附能力,同时菌体自动聚集能力和表面疏水性均降低,三者之间呈现一定相关性,此外,在消化道环境胁迫条件下,膜脂肪酸组成发生改变,诱导产生一种新长链不饱和脂肪酸C18:2n6,c推测该菌通过调节膜脂肪酸组成变化以抵抗消化道环境中不利因素.     

马铃薯膜上覆土最佳厚度和时间

马铃薯膜上覆土可以节省人工,提高商品性能,有利于规模化操作,但是需要掌握膜上覆土的厚度和时间。试验主要针对滕州气候条件下,在播种后、薯芽距地膜2 cm、即将出土三个时期,分别覆盖1~2 cm、2~4 cm、5~6 cm厚度的土层,研究不同处理对马铃薯出苗及产量的影响。结果表明:在马铃薯幼芽距离地表2 cm时进行膜上覆土2~4 cm,此时,马铃薯出苗整齐,出苗率高,生育期长,商品薯率高,效益高。     

Gender, neighboring competition and habitat effects on the stem growth in dioecious Fraxinus mandshurica trees in a northern temperate forest

? This study analyses the sex ratios, and the effect of gender, neighboring competition and habitat factors on the stem growth of dioecious F. mandshurica trees in the Changbai Mountains of North-Eastern China.

? The general sex ratio of the flowering trees did not significantly deviate from 1:1. The sex ratio varied among age classes. A female-biased sex ratio was found in the age classes of 65–75 years and 85–95 years, but departure from 1:1 was not significant in other age classes.

? An analysis of variance revealed that the growth rate was extremely sensitive to gender and tree size, as shown by a highly significant gender-related and size-dependent effect. Male trees had a faster stem growth rate than female trees, and the assumption is that trade-offs between reproductive and vegetative processes can induce the difference in stem growth rate between genders.

? Stem growth rates are positively affected by soil moisture and tree size for both genders at all considered neighborhood distances. The growth rates of female trees were negatively affected by neighboring competition from other female trees at all neighborhood distances between 1 and 10 m, but were not significantly affected by male trees. The growth rates of male trees were negatively affected by neighboring competition from male trees for neighborhood distances between 3 and 10 m, but were not significantly affected by female trees.

? These results suggest that intrasexual competition (male-male competition and female-female competition) may cause difference in stem growth for both genders. Intersexual differences in sensitivity to neighboring plants are considered to be an important factor driving gender-specific growth patterns.

     

高等植物中DELLA蛋白的研究进展

在赤霉素(GA)信号传导过程中,有一类起着负调控作用的蛋白——DELLA蛋白,是GRAS家族的亚家族,因其N端含有DELLA结构域而命名。该蛋白对种子萌发、茎的伸长、下胚轴伸长以及花发育等起着重要的调控作用。本研究主要讲述了DELLA蛋白如何参与多种信号传导,分析了模式植物拟南芥中5种DELLA蛋白对植物生长发育的作用,分别介绍了DELLA蛋白的保守结构域及其作用,总结了目前已知DELLA蛋白的克隆及表达情况,最后对今后DELLA蛋白的研究进行展望,以期更好地揭示DELLA蛋白的调控机制。     

森林采伐量的最优控制

本文针对我国目前森林面临着可采资源锐减、生态环境日趋恶化等严峻问题,应用最优控制理论,提出了森林采伐量的最优控制策略。森林采伐量采用这一控制策略,既可收获最多的木材总量,又能保证森林总蓄积始终保持在最优水平上,实现森林永续利用。同时,森林的社会效益、经济效益和生态效益都可得到最大限度地发挥,即可满足经济建设对木材的需要,又能使森林生态环境得到保护。从而使我国森林工业摆脱目前的困难。