Newly identified C‐type lysozyme in Chinese soft‐shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis) exhibits potent antimicrobial activity

Lysozymes play vital roles in humoural immune response against bacterial invasion by its lytic activity. In the present study, a new C‐type lysozyme was identified and characterized from Chinese soft‐shelled turtle Pelodiscus sinensis. The full‐length cDNA of PslysC was of 923 bp, encoding a polypeptide of 148 amino acid residues. The multiple alignments and phylogenetic relationship analysis revealed the highly enzyme‐related conserved residues. The real‐time PCR analysis suggested that PslysC was constitutively expressed in a wide range of tissues with highest level in blood cells and liver. The expression of PslysC could be significantly up‐regulated under Aeromonas jandaei infection and ammonia exposure, while no significant changes were found under Poly I:C infection. The rPslysC protein was expressed in E. coli and purified by Ni‐NTA. The optimal pH and temperature for rPslysC protein lytic activities were determined at pH 7 and 30℃. rPslysC can inhibit the growth of eight kinds of Gram‐negative bacteria, and three kinds of Gram‐positive bacteria. The binding activity of rPslysC to different microbial polysaccharides and microorganism was analysed. The results showed that rPslysC could bind to selected bacteria, and exhibit a strong binding activity to lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan, but a weak binding activity to β‐glucan. This suggests that the binding activity might be the major mechanism of action to realize the antibacterial activity. The present study will provide helpful evidence to further understand the innate immunity of P. sinensis, and the interaction mechanisms of C‐type lysozymes with bacterial membranes.     

Ordination of self-organizing feature map neural networks and its application to the study of plant communities

A self-organizing feature map (SOFM) neural network is a powerful tool in analyzing and solving complex, non-linear problems. According to its features, a SOFM is entirely compatible with ordination studies of plant communities. In our present work, mathematical principles, and ordination techniques and procedures are introduced. A SOFM ordination was applied to the study of plant communities in the middle of the Taihang mountains. The ordination was carried out by using the NNTool box in MATLAB. The results of 68 quadrats of plant communities were distributed in SOFM space. The ordination axes showed the ecological gradients clearly and provided the relationships between communities with ecological meaning. The results are consistent with the reality of vegetation in the study area. This suggests that SOFM ordination is an effective technique in plant ecology. During ordination procedures, it is easy to carry out clustering of communities and so it is beneficial for combining classification and ordination in vegetation studies. __________ Translated from Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2008, 30(1): 1–5 [译自: 北京林业大学学报]     

中国养鳟业

本文回顾了我国二十多年的养鳟历史,探讨了中国养鳟业发展的可观前景。同时阐明了养鳟业的发展必将促进鲑鳟鱼类的增殖和游渔业的开发.     

四川九顶山自然保护区的小型兽类群落结构

2005年10月,采用铗日法对四川九顶山自然保护区的小型兽类进行了调查,共捕获小型兽类12种112只。根据植被状况把保护区的小型兽类划分为4个群落类型。通过各种小型兽类捕获率和所占总数比例分析出各群落内的优势种,利用相关分析得出个群落间的相似性;根据Shannon—Wiener指数分析了群落的多样性和均匀性,得出以下结论：保护区内的小型兽类中,社鼠、四川短尾鼬和龙姬鼠为群落中的优势物种;在人工林,人工＋次生混交林以及次生天然林中,小型兽类物种相对丰富,而在海拔较高的高山灌丛中相对较少;人工＋次生混交林的多样性最高,次生天然林的均匀度最高,这两种生境群落的相似度最高,反映出该区域的植被恢复较好,人工与天然林混交的造林方式也能较好的维持当地的生物多样性。     

Growth,osmoregulation and energy budget of rainbow and steelhead trout under different salinity acclimation methods and the best transition size of steelhead trout

In order to meet the demand of salmon market, Chinese scientists and entrepreneurs are working on salmon mariculture far offshore in the Yellow Sea, China. Rainbow, steelhead trout and Atlantic salmon were selected as the main culture species. The aims of the present study were as follows: (a) investigate the effect of the salinity acclimation method on the growth, osmoregulation and energy budget in two forms of Oncorhynchus mykiss, rainbow and steelhead trout and (b) explore the optimal size of steelhead trout for the seawater entry. In trial I, rainbow (mean = 99.44 g) and steelhead trout (mean = 99.01 g) were reared for 40 days after undergoing salinity acclimation at three rates: an abrupt increase in salinity from 0 to 30 g/L (T30); an abrupt increase in salinity to 14 g/L, followed by a daily increase of 2 g/L (T2) or 6 g/L (T6) until reaching 30 g/L; and no salinity exposure (control treatment) (T0). In trial II, steelhead trout with body weights of approximately 100 and 400 g were cultured for 60 days with two treatments, T0 and T2, and the specific growth rate (SGR) was calculated every 10 days. In trial I, in both kinds of fish, the optimal growth performance, survival rate, osmoregulation and energy budget were observed in the T0 treatment, followed by the T2 treatment. These results indicate that O. mykiss with a body weight of approximately 100 g can adapt to sea water with a gradual transition (T2), but they are still not suitable for the seawater entry because of low growth. Based on the recorded SGRs in trial II, our formulated regression formula revealed that approximately 200 g is the optimal size of steelhead trout for the transition to sea water.     

汛末蓄水期神农溪库湾倒灌异重流特性及其对水华的影响

为研究三峡水库神农溪库湾倒灌异重流特性、光混比特性及其对水华的影响,根据神农溪库湾的地理特性及库湾区域性水华特性,从神农溪河口至回水末端,沿渡河镇河道中泓线设置7个监测点位(SN01~SN06),于2014年汛末蓄水期对神农溪库湾的水温等指标进行跟踪监测分析。结果表明,三峡水库蓄水过程通过倒灌异重流作用,最大单日水位变幅为1.04 m,干流水体分别从表层、中上层和底层倒灌潜入库湾;倒灌异重流增强了干支流间水体交换,缩小了干支流间水温差,打破支流水温分层,使支流混合层深度逐步增大。库湾叶绿素a浓度呈现时空差异性,整个蓄水周期内,SN02受干流水体影响明显,叶绿素a浓度始终维持在低水平,均小于20 mg/m~3,蓄水过程中,SN05和SN06断面混合层深度由6.0 m上升至22.5 m,叶绿素a浓度由高于30 mg/m~3降低至10.30 mg/m~3,导致神农溪库湾叶绿素a浓度降低的主要原因是蓄水过程加强了干支流水体交换程度,减小光混比至0.2,库湾叶绿素a浓度均值降低为11.00 mg/m~3,水华情势最终得到有效控制。     

Molecular Cloning and Expression Analysis of Transformer‐2 Gene During Development in Macrobrachium nipponense (de Haan 1849)

The transformer‐2 gene (tra‐2) plays a key role in the sexual differentiation regulatory hierarchy. In this study, tra‐2 gene homologs designated as Mntra‐2 was cloned and characterized from Macrobrachium nipponense. The full‐length cDNA of Mntra‐2 consists of 1724 bp with an open reading frame (ORF) encoding 192 amino acids, an 827 bp 5′‐untranslated region (UTR) and a 318 bp 3′‐UTR. The predicated molecular mass of Mntra‐2 was 20.805 kDa with an estimated theoretical isoelectric point of 10.36. The deduced amino acid sequence shares high homology with Penaeus monodon. Real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR) analyses demonstrated that the expression levels of Mntra‐2 varied significantly during different developmental stages of embryogenesis, larvae, and post‐larvae and in various adult tissues. During embryogenesis, the expression level of Mntra‐2 was slightly higher at the cleavage stage than at the blastula stage, and reached the highest level at the nauplius stage. During the larvae, the Mntra‐2 expression gradually increased from 1 d larvae post hatch (L1) to L10 and decreased to a lowest level at the end of metamorphosis. During the post‐larvae, the Mntra‐2 expression was higher level at the 5 d after the metamorphosis (P5). RT‐qPCR showed the Mntra‐2 mRNA was expressed in ovary, testis, muscle, heart, abdominal ganglion, brain, and intestine with the highest level of expression in muscle and intestine. The results indicate that Mntra‐2 is an arthropods tra‐2 homolog and probably plays important roles in embryonic development and sex differentiation of M. nipponense .     

家猪AFLP分析体系的建立

以大白等6个猪品种为试验材料，建立了家猪扩增酶切片段长度多态性(AFLP)分析体系，对其分析过程中DNA提取、双酶切、连接、预扩增、选择性扩增、银染效果进行了检测。用E39M48引物组合构建了供试猪的AFLP指纹图谱。条带清晰可辨，扩增信号强，无背景干扰。     

能量高效的事件驱动型大规模农业监测WSNs协作式传输策略

针对农作物分布广泛、农业环境恶劣的特点,利用协作式多输入多输出技术具有的低能耗、高可靠特性,结合事件驱动型农业监测的无线传感器网络,提出了能量高效的基于空时分组码的多跳协作式多输入多输出传输策略。该策略建立了包括节点剩余能量、最优跳距等因素的综合多跳路由;此外,还建立了精确的能耗模型,确定了满足网络最小能耗时的协作节点个数和最优跳距。仿真结果表明,通过能耗模型求出的最优跳距和协作节点个数减少了能量消耗;同现有的无线传感器网络中具有能量效率和事件聚类的自适应路由协议相比,提出的传输策略能显著地提高能量有效性和延长网络寿命。