Physiological characteristics of high yield under cluster planting: photosynthesis and canopy microclimate of cotton

Cotton produces more biomass and economic yield when cluster planting pattern (three plants per hole) than in a traditional planting pattern (one plant per hole), even at similar plant densities, indicating that individual plant growth is promoted by cluster planting. The causal factors for this improved growth induced by cluster planting pattern, the light interception, canopy microclimate and photosynthetic rate of cotton were investigated in an arid region of China. The results indicated that the leaf area index and light interception were higher in cluster planting, and significantly different from those in traditional planting during the middle and late growth stages. Cotton canopy humidity at different growth stages was increased but canopy temperatures were reduced by cluster planting. In the later growth stage of cluster planting, the leaf chlorophyll content was higher and the leaf net photosynthetic rate and canopy photosynthetic rate were significantly increased in comparing with traditional planting pattern. We concluded that differences in canopy light interception and photosynthetic rate were the primary factors responsible for increased biomass production and economic yield in cluster planting compared with the traditional planting of cotton.     

Dissolution and regeneration behavior of chitosan in 3-methyl-1-(ethylacetyl)imidazolium chloride

3-methyl-1-(ethylacetyl)imidazolium chloride ([EtMIM]Cl), was synthesized for chitosan dissolution, and the dissolution and regeneration behaviors of chitosan in [EtMIM]Cl were thoroughly investigated. The solubility of chitosan in [EtMIM]Cl was measured at temperatures ranging from 40 °C to 110 °C, based on which the thermodynamic parameters of chitosan in [EtMIM]Cl were calculated. The polarizability and hydrogen bond accepting ability was determined by solvatochromic UV/vis spectroscopy. The regenerated chitosan from [EtMIM]Cl by adding methanol was characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Density functional theory (DFT) computations were performed to study the interactions between [EtMIM]Cl and chitobiose. Five kinds of hydrogen bonds, C-H/O, O-H/O, O-H/Cl, C-H/Cl, N-H/Cl were found, suggesting strong interactions between [EtMIM]Cl and chitobiose. In particular, the oxygen atom and the active methylene group of carboxylic ester in [EtMIM]⁺, formed strong hydrogen bonding with chitobiose. The molecular simulation results indicated that both the Cl^? anions and [EtMIM]⁺ cation played important roles in the chitosan dissolution process, by the disruption of native hydrogen bonds of chitosan.     

基于GIS的重庆市丘陵山地耕地质量评价与比较

利用农用地分等自然质量等指数模型,结合分模块控制的方法实现区域间等指数可比,对重庆市丘陵山地4个代表县耕地质量进行了评价。利用MapGIS采用多图层叠加确定评价单元并获取单元属性数据;建立省内2级区间可比的自然质量分综合评判模型;通过采用同能量标准化产量和引入光温协调系数,改进对光温潜力指数的加和。结果表明：丘陵区大足、低山丘陵区梁平以中高等地为主,低中山区彭水以中低等地为主,中山区巫溪以低中等地为主,地势起伏对丘陵山地耕地总体质量具有重要的影响。评价方法能实现跨区域和跨耕作制度间等指数的可比性,提高耕地质量评价的精度。     

Chemical Constituents of the Deep-Sea-Derived Penicillium solitum

A systematic chemical investigation of the deep-sea-derived fungus Penicillium solitum MCCC 3A00215 resulted in the isolation of one novel polyketide (1), two new alkaloids (2 and 3), and 22 known (4–25) compounds. The structures of the new compounds were established mainly on the basis of exhaustive analysis of 1D and 2D NMR data. Viridicatol (13) displayed moderate anti-tumor activities against PANC-1, Hela, and A549 cells with IC₅₀ values of around 20 μM. Moreover, 13 displayed potent in vitro anti-food allergic activity with an IC₅₀ value of 13 μM, compared to that of 92 μM for the positive control, loratadine, while indole-3-acetic acid methyl ester (9) and penicopeptide A (10) showed moderate effects (IC₅₀ = 50 and 58 μM, respectively).     

适于新疆长绒棉的综合机采栽培技术

新疆长绒棉品质优良,在提高我国纺织产品档次、增强行业竞争力方面发挥了重要作用.为了更好地指导新疆长绒棉机采种植,课题组在集成前人对长绒棉优质高效高产栽培技术以及机采棉高效综合栽培技术基础上,结合长绒棉机采种植的特殊要求,提出了机采长绒棉品种要求、机采种植管理技术要点和脱叶采收技术要点,总结形成了适于新疆长绒棉的综合机采...     

影响吉林省亚洲玉米螟〔Ostrinia furnacalis（Guenee）〕一代发生区发生量长期预测的关键因子──Ⅰ．发生程度与天敌及虫源基数的关系

玉米螟的发生程度与越冬种群的天敌和虫源基数密切相关，对越冬种群影响比较大的天敌有玉米螟厉寄蝇、玉米螟长距茧峰、细菌和白僵菌。其中影响最大的是白僵菌，在５月末至６月下旬发病，寄生率在不同年度间变化很大，变化范围在4.5%～90%以上，对虫源基数有重大影响。玉米螟大发生必须有足够的有效虫源，在吉林省一代为主的发生区，6月份的越冬虫量为有效虫源，在不考虑降雨的情况下，6月中旬的百秆活虫量与7月份性诱蛾量及秋季百株虫量均极显著相关(相关系数分别为0.7023和0.869,构成大发生的有效上源数至少为每百秆有30头以上；7月份的累计单盆诱蛾量在300头以上。     

影响吉林省亚洲玉米螟〔Ostrinia furnacalis（Guenee）〕一代发生区发生量长期预测的关键因子Ⅱ.发生程度与降雨及种群质量的关系

玉米螟的发生程度与5～8月初的降雨和种群质量密切相关，降雨主要影响越冬种群的复苏、化蛹、羽化、成虫的活动及3令前幼虫的存活，5～6月份特别干旱不利于越冬种群的复苏、化蛹和羽化．对成虫的产卵量有影响；7月份的干旱或大暴雨严重影响成虫的活动、卵的孵化和3令前幼虫的存活。不同年度间一、二化种群在越冬种群中所占的比例影响越冬种群的质量，在以一化种群为主时，玉米螟繁殖力强、发生晚，危害重。     

农业因素对硫化胶乳性能的影响

对广东、海南和云南三大垦区有代表性农场的胶乳连续４年取样测试。结果表明，生胶乳贮存１个月的机稳，达到国家标准的品系只有９３－１１４、实生树、ＰＢ５／５１和ＧＴ１；达到原农垦部颁标准的品系，除上述４个以外，还有ＰＢ８６；有一些原浓缩胶乳机稳较低的品系如ＲＲＩＭ６００、海垦１、保亭９１１和海垦６等经硫化后的胶乳的热稳均提高到４００Ｓ以上；个别原浓缩胶乳机稳高的品系如ＰＢ５／５１硫化后反而最低。热稳方面     

新浦东 AA肉鸡肉用性能的比较

本试验采用二因子有重复试验设计,对新浦东和AA肉鸡的肉用性能进行了屠宰测定;对其肉品品质的物理、化学、解剖、组织学、组织化学等性状进行了多学科的比较研究。试验结果表明,新浦东鸡的活重、体尺、屠宰率、胸肌比、腿肌比小于或低于AA鸡,但其肉品品质的综合性状评定则优于AA鸡;由肌纤维类型所决定的胸、腿肌肉品品质各有所长;组织学性状分析表明,新浦东鸡活重较小,主要不是受限于品种的体躯类型小,而是与其生长发育速度慢有关。两品种公鸡的产肉能力高于母鸡,但肉品品质的性别间差异不显著。     

甘薯若干数量性状遗传参数和高淀粉高产育种策略研讨

根据4×6的NCⅡ交配设计,对甘薯淀粉产量、干物产量、淀粉率、干物率、鲜薯重等12个数量性状进行了配合力遗传效应分析,并对遗传力、亲子相关、回归和群体遗传变异系数等参数进行了估算。结果表明,所研究数量性状除结薯数外均以一般配合力遗传方差（Vgca）大于特殊配合力遗传方差（Vsca）,但其在遗传总方差中的相对重要性因性状而颇有差异。亲子相关和回归系数的估值与广义遗传力在趋势上基本一致。淀粉率组合均值和F#-1高淀粉个体分布频率与中亲值密切正相关。由于育种群体中鲜薯重的遗传变异系数大于淀粉率并对淀粉产量具有更直接的正向线性效应,因此今后甘薯高淀粉高产育种应更有赖于对鲜薯重遗传潜力的开拓和利用。