An allotriploid derived from a amphidiploid × diploid

A fully fertile interspecific hybrid (Cucumis hytivus Chen and Kirkbride, 2n =4x =38) between Cucumis hystrix Chakr. (2n= 2x =24) and C. sativus L. (2n = 2x = 14) was previously produced by means of F₁ (2n = 19) embryo rescue and subsequent chromosome doubling. This amphidiploid, a new synthetic species, may serveas a genetic bridge in Cucumis, and thus is a source for broadening the genetic base of C. sativus. The identification and characterization of fertile progeny possessing lower ploidy levels would facilitate bridging among Cucumis species. Putative allotriploids (2n = 26) were recovered from C. hytivus × C. sativus matings by means of embryo culture, and experiments were designed to confirm their genetic constitution, describe their morphology, and establish an efficient protocol for their micropropagation. Apical and axillary buds of these putative allotriploid plants were used as explants to establish a micropropagation system for subsequent verification and characterization of ploidy. Of the array of micropropagation media tested, then ability to be most effective for the induction of adventitious buds (desginated Stage II) was a Murashige and Skoog (MS)growth media containing 13.3μM BA + 1.1μM NAA or containing10 μm BA only. The mean number of adventitious buds per explant in the two media was 6.8 and 6.5, respectively. Shoots resulting from adventitious buds produced roots (Stage III) in relative abundance (39 of 42, 92.8%) on half-strength MS medium containing 1.0 μm IBA. The survivorship of rooted plantlets after acclimatization as assessed by relative production of leaves in plantlets (designated Stage IV) was 91.4% (148 of 162). The chromosome number in putative allotriploid plants as determined in mitotic root tip figures in all plants was 2n = 26, the number expected for allotriploids derived from such a mating. An examination of pollen viability in five samples of each plant by cytochemical staining revealed stainability to be < %.Compared to their parents, the allotriploid genotypes possess a high degree of parthenocarpy (84.8%) as measured by setting fruit in pollen-free conditions. While allotriploid fruit are black-spined and similar to the maternal parent C. hytivus, the dark green leaves typical of allotriploid plants mirrors that of the paternal C. sativus parent. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

利用植物叶绿体表达重组药用蛋白和疫苗研究进展

植物是医用药物的重要来源之一,约占整个医用药物市场的1/4以上。现代生物技术的发展进一步拓宽了植物在医药领域的应用范围,许多具有重要应用价值的重组药用蛋白在植物中获得成功表达,部分重组药用蛋白已进入商业化应用阶段。与其他重组药用蛋白生产系统相比,植物叶绿体生产系统具有独特的优势,如外源基因的高效和稳定表达、多基因表达、环境安全等。利用植物叶绿体表达系统生产的重组药用蛋白和疫苗已达40多种。本研究对近年来利用叶绿体表达重组药用蛋白和疫苗的研究进展进行了综述,并就植物叶绿体表达重组药用蛋白方面的几个问题进行了探讨。     

四川盆地稻田保护性耕作制可持续性评价研究

以四川盆地稻田保护性耕作制为研究对象,运用目标取向法对其可持续性进行系统评价。将稻田保护性耕作制分为经济、生态、社会3个子系统,进而分为7个指标层和若干个变量层,经过3轮专家咨询,最后筛选确定18个指标（变量层）作为稻田保护性耕作制可持续性评价的指标集,建立可持续评价的指标体系。以Delphi法和AHP（层次分析）法相结合,建立相关判断矩阵,分别计算各指标层和变量层的权重,最后运用模糊数学方法即模糊综合评判方法对四川盆地稻田保护性耕作制进行可持续性评价。作为一种尝试,本研究为优化选择当地最合理的保护性耕作发展模式,为稻田保护性耕作制的推广应用提供了技术评价理论参考。     

稻纵卷叶螟危害孕穗期水稻的光谱诊断

【目的】阐明稻纵卷叶螟（Cnaphalocrocis medinalis）危害孕穗期水稻后,水稻冠层、未受害展开叶和受害已卷叶片的光谱特征,建立基于光谱参数的稻纵卷叶螟危害程度的诊断模型。【方法】利用便携式光谱仪测定不同卷叶率小区水稻的冠层光谱反射率,同时在不同卷叶率小区内采集未受害展开叶和已卷叶带回实验室进行室内单叶的光谱反射率测定,并采用相关分析与回归建模方法组建稻纵卷叶螟危害程度的光谱诊断模型。【结果】水稻冠层光谱反射率在近红外光区域内随卷叶率级别的升高而降低,738-1 000 nm处的反射率可较好地表征出水稻受稻纵卷叶螟危害的程度。不同卷叶率小区内的未受害叶的光谱反射率也可很好地表征水稻的受害级别,在512-606和699-1 000 nm处的反射率与小区卷叶率级别呈极显著的负相关。已受害卷叶的反射率在582-688 nm处与受害级别呈极显著正相关。水稻受稻纵卷叶螟危害后,在冠层、未受害叶及已受害卷叶光谱的红边幅值与红边面积有明显变化。利用水稻冠层光谱的红边幅值、未受害健康叶片550 nm处的反射率建立的稻纵卷叶螟危害程度的一元回归模型的诊断误差较小,而同时利用冠层、受害叶和未受害叶光谱组建的逐步回归模型的诊断误差最小,可用于小区稻纵卷叶螟危害的监测。【结论】受害区域内水稻冠层在738-1 000 nm处和未受害叶片在512-606和699-1 000 nm处的光谱反射率,以及红边幅值和红边面积均可较好地表征水稻受稻纵卷叶螟危害后的卷叶率级别,可利用这两层次的光谱指标分别对小区水稻的受害程度进行诊断。     

冬闲期耕作方式对连作花生叶片衰老和产量的影响

大田连作条件下种植大花生品种"山花108",以冬闲期免耕晾晒土地后整地种植(冬闲免耕露地,MGLD)为对照,设置冬闲免耕覆膜(冬闲期免耕晾晒土地后整地覆膜种植, MGFM)、冬闲翻耕露地(冬闲期翻耕晾晒土地后整地种植,FGLD)、冬闲翻耕覆膜(冬闲期翻耕晾晒土地后整地覆膜种植,FGFM)、冬闲压青露地(前茬花生收获后常规种植冬小麦,于花生种植前粉碎还田后整地种植, YQLD)、冬闲压青覆膜(前茬花生收获后常规种植冬小麦,于花生种植前粉碎还田后整地覆膜种植, YQFM)5种处理,探究对连作花生叶片衰老、光合特性和产量的影响。结果表明,覆膜、冬闲翻耕与压青处理均可提高植株功能叶片光合色素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度及蒸腾速率,降低胞间CO2浓度;同时提高叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)及过氧化物酶(POD)活性,降低丙二醛(MDA)含量,延缓叶片衰老,进而增加荚果产量。YQFM、FGFM、MGFM处理的荚果产量较YQLD、FGLD、MGLD处理分别增加5.11%、6.77%、3.70%;与MGFM处理相比, YQFM、FGFM处理分别增产14.83%、8.30%;与MGLD处理相比, YQLD、FGLD处理分别增产13.30%、5.18%,并且增产幅度由高到低依次是YQFM、YQLD、FGFM、FGLD、MGFM处理。冬闲压青覆膜处理的产量和经济效益最佳。     

苗期干旱胁迫对不同抗旱花生品种生理特性、产量和品质的影响

在人工控水条件下,研究了两个不同抗旱花生品种苗期干旱下的生理特性及其产量和品质。结果表明,随着干旱程度的增加,两品种叶片光合速率(P_n)逐渐下降,丙二醛(MDA)含量增加;解除干旱后,叶内MDA含量降低,Pn很快恢复到或超过对照水平,农大818的恢复能力强于鲁花11。适当干旱处理,可增加叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性,提高叶片可溶性蛋白质(P_r)含量,鲁花11以中轻度干旱（灌水60~80 mm）,而农大818以中度干旱（灌水40~60 mm）时酶活性最强、Pr含量最高,同一干旱处理、特别重度干旱（灌水20 mm）处理的酶活性,农大818明显高于鲁花11;解除干旱后,两品种叶中SOD、POD、CAT活性和Pr含量显著降低,但农大818的酶活性仍高于鲁花11。随着苗期干旱程度的增加,花生荚果和籽仁产量降低,但农大818的降幅小于鲁花11;若苗期灌水量低于60~80 mm则影响产量。花生苗期中、轻度干旱胁迫可增加籽仁蛋白质含量,而对脂肪含量的影响不大;重度干旱明显降低籽仁脂肪含量、脂肪中油酸组分和O/L比值,增加亚油酸组分,但对蛋白质的影响较小。鲁花11以60~80 mm水分处理及农大818以40~60 mm水分处理时籽仁品质最佳。     

不同成膜剂对玉米噻虫啉悬浮种衣剂的持效性及安全性影响

为明确含不同成膜剂的噻虫啉种衣剂处理玉米种子后在土壤和植株中的持效性及其对刺吸式害虫的防治效果,选择3种不同成膜剂加工成的噻虫啉悬浮种衣剂以400 g a.i. 100 kg–1种子浓度包衣处理,分别于室内和田间条件下测定其对玉米出苗率、生长量和生理生化等方面的影响,及噻虫啉在玉米叶片和土壤中的持效期,并评价其对刺吸式害虫的防治效果。结果表明,ZY904-3和ZY904-5成膜剂的噻虫啉种衣剂处理对玉米出苗没有影响,3种成膜剂的噻虫啉拌种对玉米生长量和生理生化活性均有不同程度促进,玉米叶片和土壤中的噻虫啉持效期较未加成膜剂有一定延长,ZY904-1、ZY904-3和ZY904-5处理的噻虫啉悬浮种衣剂(FS)在叶片和土壤中持效期分别延长了20～40d、20～30 d和10～20 d。3种成膜剂处理可有效防治玉米刺吸式害虫, ZY904-1和ZY904-3成膜剂的噻虫啉种衣剂处理对玉米刺吸式害虫数量有很好的控制作用,分别于播种80 d (室内)和60 d (田间)后防效仍达50%以上,但ZY904-1成膜剂的噻虫啉种衣剂推迟出苗时间。综合各个方面, ZY904-3成膜剂的噻虫啉种衣剂拌种...     

Linkage map construction and QTL identification of P-deficiency tolerance in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza rufipogon</Emphasis> Griff. at early seedling stage

Low phosphorus availability is a major factor limiting rice productivity. In this study, a population of backcross recombinant inbred lines (BILs) derived from an inter-specific cross (Oryza sativa L. × O. rufipogon Griff.) was used for genetic linkage map construction and quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping. The results showed that a linkage map consisting of 153 markers was constructed. Twenty-one out of 231 BILs were tolerant of low-phosphorus according to the index to P-deficiency tolerance. Twenty-three QTLs on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9 and 11 were detected, of which eight QTLs showed high (22.93–37.32%) contribution to phenotypic variation. In addition, most of QTLs in this study (18 out of 23 QTLs) were located and overlapped on the chromosome 1, 3 and 11, which individually explained 6.07–34.70% phenotypic variation, indicating that there might be multiple main effect QTLs related to P-deficiency tolerance in O. rufipogon, and these QTLs might cluster in the same region. These results would provide helpful information for cloning and utilizing the P-deficiency tolerance-responsive genes from O. rufipogon.