对高职院校实施创业教育的理性思考

对高职院校创业教育的实施现状及存在问题进行了理性分析,认为高职院校创业教育的实施应从各个方面入手：即转变管理者观念,把创业教育当作一项全面、系统的工程来抓;优化课程结构,把创业教育真正纳入教育教学体系：构建有创业经历、专业化的师资队伍。     

枯草芽孢杆菌apr基因表达载体的构建

利用PCR技术和基因重组技术构建了枯草芽孢杆菌蛋白酶基因—apr的重组表达质粒PET-22b/apr,并将其转入大肠杆菌(E.coli)BL21中,经蓝白斑筛选获得apr的表达载体。PCR后经琼脂糖凝胶电泳结果显示,在约1.5kb位置有特异性条带,与预期的枯草芽孢杆菌蛋白酶基因大小一致。重组质粒pGM-T/apr经双酶切后获得约1509bp的apr基因片段,同预期结果相一致,测序结果同GeneBank中的序列同源性达到100%。未发生任何突变。表明重组质粒pET-22b/apr构建成功。     

设施菜地土壤中速效磷是镉生物有效性的关键调控因子

通过田间实地调查与取样分析,运用简单相关、回归方程拟合和主成分分析等方法,研究了关中设施蔬菜种植区土壤中镉(Cd)的生物有效性及其与土壤速效磷含量(AP)、有机质含量(OM)和pH值等土壤基本理化性质的相关性,并研究了各基本理化因子对其的调控作用。结果表明:(1)研究区内设施菜地土壤中镉的有效态含量(DTPA浸提,CdA)与设施菜地土壤中速效磷含量、有机质含量和pH值均存在显著相关关系(P0.05),与土壤阳离子交换量、电导率不相关。(2)通过对土壤有效镉含量和与其呈显著相关关系的土壤基本理化性质指标分别进行回归方程拟合得出:y1[CdA]=0.501 5x1[AP]+0.010 6(R2=0.345 2,P0.01)、y2[CdA]=0.370 7x2[OM]+0.028 6(R2=0.139 0,P0.01)、y3[CdA]=-0.055 2x3[pH]+0.564 1(R2=0.050 9,P0.05),土壤中有效镉含量主要受以上三个因子的影响;通过多元回归方程拟合,土壤有效态镉含量的表达式为y4[CdA]=0.174 8+0.435 2x1[AP]+0.049 0lgx2[OM]-0.013 2x3[pH](R2=0.368 6,P0.01);主成分分析发现,土壤速效磷含量是设施菜地土壤中镉的生物有效性的关键调控因子。(3)研究区蔬菜果实中镉含量与土壤镉有效态含量的相关系数为0.464,高于其与土壤镉全量(CdT)的相关系数(0.387),从食品安全和健康风险控制的角度考虑,在设施菜地土壤污染风险评价中,认为以土壤镉有效态含量替代土壤镉全量可以更准确地表征土壤镉的安全风险。因此,设施蔬菜生产过程中,应严格控制土壤速效磷含量,以降低土壤有效镉含量,从而保证设施蔬菜产品的食品安全。     

无定河中游左岸监测区潜伏的土壤退化问题及其对策研究

本文在对无定河中游左岸监测区流域内农林业生产基地及主要农业作物进行详细调研后,选取不同地形结构(坡地、梯田和坝地)、不同措施配置(乔木林、灌木林)等10种农业用地的地类,进行土壤理化指标监测,并对监测结果进行横向和纵向两个层面分析,发现各种地类的各类指标均存在着不同水平的退化趋势,并针对问题提出了3项治理措施。     

高等农业院校精品课程建设的现状分析与对策

农学类精品课程一直是国家精品课程建设中的薄弱环节,不仅发展速度慢,而且内部发展不平衡,农学类国家级精品课程主要分布在少数涉农国家"211工程"和"985工程"院校中。通过对目前国家精品课程评审指标体系分析,提出了加强师资队伍建设、优化教学方法与手段、加强教材建设力度、突出农业特色、完善监控制度与资金保障机制等途径,对推动农业院校农学类精品课程建设有一定的借鉴意义。     

Avian predation on wild and cultured sea urchin <Emphasis Type="Italic">Strongylocentrotus intermedius</Emphasis> in a rocky shore habitat

ABSTRACT:   The present study reports the annual variation in consumption of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius by avian predators on a rocky shore where the culture of sea urchins has been conducted. Carrion crow and a few gull species were the most abundant avian predators and consumed a large number of sea urchins. Crows consumed mostly natural sea urchins, approximately 36 kg ww/ha per year on the intertidal rocky bench, but the gull species consumed mostly cultured sea urchins, approximately 100 kg ww/ha per year in the culture area. The seasonal variation in the amount of sea urchins consumed by crows was higher than that by the gull species, presumably because of the difference in foraging behavior in association with the seasonal tidal cycle. The natural sea urchins consumed are an allochthonous input from the subtidal to the intertidal habitat, and thus, crow predation may not affect the natural and the cultured populations of the sea urchin. The gull species consumed much of the cultured sea urchin, and thus, may be regarded as an effective predator causing damage to sea urchin culture. The results suggest that further studies are needed to determine why the gull species selectively feed on cultured sea urchins.     

The role of flatfishes in the organization and structure of the eastern Bering Sea ecosystem

We evaluated the role of flatfishes in the organization and structure of the eastern Bering Sea ecosystem using the Ecopath/Ecosim approach. As basic input data for the Ecopath/Ecosim model, we used estimates of biomass from bottom trawl surveys and age-structured population models, production/biomass (P/B) ratio, consumption/biomass (Q/B) ratio, diet composition (DC), and fisheries harvests for each component of species or species groups. We estimated the trophic level of each component, niche overlaps among flatfishes, and the impacts of competition and predation on flatfish species in the eastern Bering Sea ecosystem. Based on those estimates, we developed the tropho-dynamic structure of the ecosystem, and the model was used to simulate ecological effects of fishery exploitation patterns. No single flatfish species appeared to have a profound and uniquely important role in the organization and structure of the ecosystem. Instead, the most important component among the guild of flatfish species appeared to be yellowfin sole Pleuronectes asper, which had greater biomass than other flatfish and a relatively diverse diet among the small flatfish species. Pacific halibut Hippoglossus stenolepis, Greenland turbot Reinhardtius hippoglossoides, and arrowtooth flounder Atheresthes stomias were important keystone predators in the eastern Bering Sea ecosystem together with some groups of marine mammals and sea birds. Intra flatfish complex cannibalism was not observed, however, substantial diet overlaps were common in the flatfish guild system.     

A new primer for 16S rDNA analysis of microbial communities associated with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Porphyra yezoensis</Emphasis>

To construct high-quality 16S rDNA clone libraries for microbial communities associated with Porphyra yezoensis and to minimize the detection of rDNA from leafy gametophytes of P. yezoensis, we designed a new 16S rDNA universal primer (75F). Of the clones prepared using 75F, which was designed to distinguish between bacteria and P. yezoensis, 95% were classified into four groups, namely, β-proteobacteria, γ-proteobacteria, Lentisphaerae, and Flavobacteria. PCR-based analysis of the 16S rDNA primer constructed in this study can be used to implement 16S rDNA-based methodologies for the investigation of microbial community composition and diversity related to the Porphyra group.     

菜地重金属污染的标准值分析与治理对策

参照通用标准值,检测与评价福州市郊22个蔬菜地土样的镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、汞(Hg)、砷(As)4种重金属,从污染范围和程度上阐明蔬菜基地污染现状。结果表明,Pb,As未超标,污染指数分别为0.01～0.64和0.02～0.11;Cd的污染指数为0.17～29.0,但大多在6～10之间,表现出污染面广、污染程度重;Hg的污染指数为0.47～9.0,但大多为1.5,虽表现出污染面广,但污染程度相对较轻。由于这4种重金属之间并无显著的相关性(r<0.4),说明菜地重金属污染源的复杂性。灰色关联分析结果表明,菜体Cd含量与土壤Cd总量关联度最大(0.75067),菜体Pb含量与土壤pH关联度最大(0.70949),而菜体Hg,As含量与土壤有机质关联度最大(0.67921,0.76537),表明菜体某种重金属污染与否,除与土壤重金属含量有关外,还与不同土壤类型及其相关的理化性状有关。菜地污染标准值应以是否造成菜体污染为依据,即要将土壤重金属污染标准值与菜体重金属污染指标有机结合起来,并以此来合理评价菜地污染状况,提出因地制宜的治理菜体重金属污染方法。