Is partial root-zone drying an effective irrigation technique to improve water use efficiency and fruit quality in field-grown wine grapes under semiarid conditions?

We investigated the effects of partial root-zone drying (PRD) applied at different periods on leaf water relations, vegetative development, fruit yield, must and wine quality in wine grapes (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Monastrell) during a 3-year field experiment in order to determine the importance of the timing of PRD application on physiological and agronomical vine response under semiarid conditions. Two irrigation treatments were applied: conventional drip irrigation (CI) and PRD. Both treatments received the same annual water quantity. Each year the PRD treatment was applied at different periods of the growth cycle. In 1999 PRD was applied from veraison to harvest (end July–early September); in 2000 from fruit set to harvest (mid June–early September); and in 2001 PRD from budburst to harvest (mid April–early September). Leaf water relations and gas exchange during the experimental period were not significantly affected by PRD treatment. In 1999 and 2000 there was no significant treatment effect on vegetative development, yield or fruit quality. However, in 2001 (when PRD was applied from budburst to harvest), reproductive and vegetative development was clearly altered in PRD vines. Fruit set percentage and vegetative development (shoot length, pruning weight and primary and lateral leaf area) were significantly increased in PRD vines compared to CI. This resulted in both higher yield (kg per vine) (43%) and water use efficiency (40%) compared to CI vines. Berry number per cluster and cluster weight were also significantly increased in PRD vines. Notwithstanding higher yield in PRD vines and a similar berry size, the must and wine quality was not significantly altered, indicating a higher synthesis and accumulation of photoassimilates and metabolites in the berries of PRD vines. We conclude that there was an positive effect on vegetative and reproductive growth when long-term PRD was applied from the beginning of growing season (budburst), suggesting that early onset of PRD is desirable to intensify PRD response under these semiarid conditions. Nevertheless from these results we need to further investigate the long- and short-term effects of PRD, with moderate water amounts, on vegetative and reproductive development such as flowering and fruit set processes in wine grapes.     

臭氧果蔬保鲜包装技术及试验

臭氧果蔬保鲜技术的关键是如何控制和调节包装内氧气和二氧化碳的体积分数,包装材料气透率是调节包装内气体体积分数的主要因素。综合果蔬呼吸和薄膜透气两个相互交叉的动态过程,提出一种新的果蔬包装薄膜透气率的计算方法。在清水蜜桃、油豆角的臭氧保鲜试验中测试了臭氧果蔬保鲜薄膜不同厚度以及不同保鲜时间的腐烂率、好果率、失重率、可溶性固形物含量、还原糖含量、总酸、维生素C含量、叶绿素含量等指标,结果表明,以上果蔬的保鲜期至少延长2周以上。     

随机变量多重Weibull统计模型及参数最优估计

利用Weibull分布函数兼容性好的特点,采用混合Weibull分布模型来描述复杂随机变量分布,并按照最小二乘法原则,对统计模型参数进行最优化估计,建立复杂随机变量分布的统计模型。对某汽车发动机工作转矩统计模型的建立示例表明,多重Weibull分布适合用来表达一些复杂随机变量的统计特性,参数估计的最优化模型适用,参数优化估计过程能可靠收敛。     

我国欠发达地区农业保险问题探究

我国农业保险在1982年恢复以来一直都处于低潮期,高风险、高赔付率在迫使农险业务逐步萎缩,本文分析了我国欠发达地区农业保险存在的问题,提出了相应的对策。     

浅析21世纪中国农机发展

进入新的世纪,正值中国加入世界贸易组织,这既给中国农业的发展带来了新的机遇,又让其面临着新的挑战。对于中国人均土地占有数量少,农户生产规模小且生产效率相对较低的状况来说,需要进行农业生产手段的变革,不断进行技术创新。深化农业产业结构调整,加快发展区域特色经济,是农业发展的既定方向。农业机械化是农业现代化的重要组成部分,它能综合现代耕作技术和生产工艺,较大幅度地提高生产效率,从而促进农村劳动力转移,发展第二、第三产业。因此,对21世纪农机化发展进行探索是一项意义深远的课题。1我国农机化发展基本情况(表1)表1从表1可…     

灭茬刀轴连接盘的落料成型模具设计

模具是机械工业的重要组成部分,其生产的制件具备高精度、高效率和低成本等优点。为此,设计了灭茬刀轴连接盘的冲裁模,选择了冲孔落料倒装式复合模的模具类型,可以一次性完成刀轴连接盘的落料和冲孔,取代了传统多道工序才能完成的落后的生产方式,提高了生产效率,降低了生产成本。     

基于MS1210的大坝安全监测数据

大坝安全对于保证社会稳定和有序发展至关重要.介绍了一种基于单片机MSC1210的多功能数据采集模块,该模块为一个分布式大坝安全监测自动化系统的核心部件.该系统主要由监测传感器,数据采集模块及监控主机三部分组成.数据采集模块完成对所连接的各类监测传感输出信号的采集,处理和存储,并实现与监控主机的通信,可检测电压,电流,频率,阻抗等形式的信号,其与监控主机的通信采用RS-485和GPRS无线传输互为备用的方式.重点研究了数据采集模块的工作原理、硬件构成及抗干扰措施。本系统应用了测量及通信技术的最新成果，在准确度、可靠性、扩展性、简易性等方面都有很大的提高。     

装载机散热器模块进出口位置匹配试验

为提高车辆冷却系统中多散热器模块匹配的性能，对某装载机散热器模块在风洞测试平台上进行试验研究。试验散热器模块第1排是中冷器和液压油冷却器，第2排为水箱，第3排是变矩器油冷器。在风洞上对模块原型和在原型基础上互换变矩器油冷器进出油口位置的变型进行对比试验。试验结果表明，调整进出油口位置，能提高总的散热量，且对模块中单个散热器的性能影响更大。在设计中可以合理布置散热器进出油口位置，使得模块性能更加优异。     

X195柴油机优化调整节能技术的研究

动力性和经济性是柴油机的两个重要指标，广大发动机研究者一直致力于改善这两个指标。特别是在能源短缺的今天，如何提高发动机的动力性和经济性的问题就显得尤为重要。通过大量的台架实验．研究了X195柴油机的3项主要的调整参数(供油提前角、喷油压力、气门间隙)对其动力性和经济性的影响，分析了其影响因素，分别找出了最佳的调整范围。     

Habitat suitability and connectivity modeling reveal priority areas for Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis) conservation in a complex habitat mosaic

Context

Conservation for the Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis), a federally endangered species in the United States of America, is typically focused on local maternity sites; however, the species is a regional migrant, interacting with the environment at multiple spatial scales. Hierarchical levels of management may be necessary, but we have limited knowledge of landscape-level ecology, distribution, and connectivity of suitable areas in complex landscapes.

Objectives

We sought to (1) identify factors influencing M. sodalis maternity colony distribution in a mosaic landscape, (2) map suitable maternity habitat, and (3) quantify connectivity importance of patches to direct conservation action.

Methods

Using 3 decades of occurrence data, we tested a priori, hypothesis-driven habitat suitability models. We mapped suitable areas and quantified connectivity importance of habitat patches with probabilistic habitat availability metrics.

Results

Factors improving landscape-scale suitability included limited agriculture, more forest cover, forest edge, proximity to medium-sized water bodies, lower elevations, and limited urban development. Areas closer to hibernacula and rivers were suitable. Binary maps showed that 30% of the study area was suitable for M. sodalis and 29% was important for connectivity. Most suitable patches were important for intra-patch connectivity and far fewer contributed to inter-patch connectivity.

Conclusions

While simple models may be effective for small, homogenous landscapes, complex models are needed to explain habitat suitability in large, mixed landscapes. Suitability modeling identified factors that made sites attractive as maternity areas. Connectivity analysis improved our understanding of important areas for bats and prioritized areas to target for restoration.