Troubleshooting the diabetic small animal patient

Effective troubleshooting for a diabetic small animal patient starts with the initial diagnosis of diabetes. Preempting trouble with a thorough and complete history, physical examination, laboratory assessment, and extensive and thoughtful client education before discharge, are crucial first steps toward avoiding trouble altogether. As problems arise, careful consideration of the many variables that contribute to effective diabetic control is necessary. As monitoring strategies evolve and treatment options expand, the clinician's ability to accurately assess and adjust the glycemic control in his or her troubled diabetic patient improves. Common causes of trouble in diabetic patients are reviewed and various strategies for the diagnosis and management of these disorders are discussed in this article. Every effort was made to draw from recently published reports of clinical cases. Few diseases will tie together owner, patient, and therapy as intimately as diabetes mellitus, and few problems will be solved without fully considering all potential factors.     

The Brody effect induced by premature ventricular complexes in the ovine heart

The QRS response of the electrocardiogram to bleeding has been a source of interest to the physiologist for more than a century. Studies in the dog, cat and chicken have shown a reduction in QRS amplitude in response to bleeding. This effect has been explained by the so-called Brody effect, in which the intraventricular mass of blood acts as a conducting medium, augmenting radial conduction, thus resulting in the subsequent reduction in QRS amplitude in conditions where the intraventricular mass of blood is reduced. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the Brody effect will be present in the ovine heart and, furthermore, to evaluate if the right and left ventricles will demonstrate the same QRS change if the Brody effect is indeed present. This study clearly demonstrated that the Brody effect is present in the ovine heart. Furthermore, two unique aspects emanating from this study are firstly the fact that this is the first study to show that premature ventricular complexes are able to induce the Brody effect and, secondly that there is a very clear difference in the response of the right and the left ventricles when the Brody effect is induced in the ovine heart.     

Review of climate change impacts on marine aquaculture in the UK and Ireland

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