草鱼敏感的负趋音筛选

声学屏障是一种阻拦鱼类进入危险区域进而保护鱼类资源的重要手段,为筛选鱼类敏感的负趋音作为声学屏障,本研究采用6种单频音 (500~3 000 Hz)和1种宽频音 (扬子鳄吼叫声)作为实验用音对草鱼幼鱼进行负趋音的筛选研究,通过在水槽两端交替播音来对比草鱼幼鱼对不同声音的行为反应。结果显示,大多数实验鱼对声音有反应,扬子鳄吼叫声与其他声音组的差异显著。单频音实验组中播放500 Hz单频音时平均反应次数最大,为 (1.7±0.6)次,而播放扬子鳄吼叫声时平均反应次数高达 (5.0±0.9)次,显著高于其他实验音。在总平均速度中,宽频音组中草鱼的总平均速度显著高于其他组,表明草鱼对扬子鳄吼叫声敏感,产生逃窜行为。研究表明,草鱼对扬子鳄吼叫声具有负趋音性,扬子鳄吼叫声是一种对草鱼具有驱赶、威慑作用的声音。本研究可为过鱼设施中辅助诱驱鱼手段及水利结构中避免鱼类的夹带提供参考依据。     

Koi herpesvirus: distribution and prospects for control in England and Wales

Koi herpesvirus (KHV) causes a highly virulent disease affecting carp, Cyprinus carpio L., and poses a serious socio‐economic threat to the UK carp industry. This study aimed to determine the geographic distribution and prevalence of KHV exposed fish in England and Wales through ELISA antibody testing. Only three of the 82 farms sampled produced positive results, suggesting fish farms provide a relatively safe source of fish. Of the 71 ‘high‐risk’ fisheries tested, 26 were positive. All eight geographic areas within England and Wales studied had at least one KHV positive site. Twelve consignments of imported koi carp from seven S.E. Asian countries were tested for KHV antibody. Six consignments from six different countries were positive. Although a high proportion of consignments were positive, the results indicate that lower risk stocks of fish exist that could be sourced by the ornamental carp sector. The study provides evidence that KHV is widespread and prevalent in ‘high‐risk’ fisheries. There are, however, prospects for controlling KHV as English and Welsh farms appear to be relatively free of the virus, and in most cases fish are not moved from fisheries to other waters.     

间伐对人工水源涵养林碳储量及其垂直分布的影响

探讨有利于人工水源涵养林碳汇功能与水源涵养功能协同发挥的最佳间伐强度,为黄浦江水源涵养林经营管理提供科学依据,选择上海市奉贤区杜英林和香樟×重阳木混交林2种人工水源涵养林进行不同强度间伐处理,对其恢复4 a后的碳储量及其垂直分布进行了研究。结果表明:1）间伐4 a后,各间伐强度样地的乔木层地上部分及其根系碳储量均未超过对照样地;2）对于林下层碳储量而言,无论地上部分还是根系,杜英林和香樟×重阳木混交林均在中等强度间伐样地中最大,且大于对照样地;3）各间伐处理均显著地增加了杜英林和香樟×重阳木混交林的凋落物碳储量及其在植物碳储量中所占的比例;4）间伐处理显著地改变了2种林分的土壤碳储量的垂直分布,相较于对照样地中土壤碳储量随深度分布较为均匀,间伐样地中土壤碳储量更为集中于土壤表层,且随深度增加逐渐减少。经过4 a的短期恢复,47%和24%的间伐强度可能分别最有利于杜英林和香樟×重阳木混交林的碳汇功能和水源涵养功能的协同发挥。     

The effect of ground vegetation management on competition between the ants Oecophylla longinoda and Pheidole megacephala and implications for conservation biological control

In tropical Africa and Asia, two species of the predatory ant genus, Oecophylla, play a crucial role in protecting tree crops against pests and enhancing the quality of fruits and nuts. As predatory effectiveness is influenced by the presence of other dominant ant species, understanding the ecological factors at work in agroecosystems lies at the basis of conservation biological control. Over three and a half years, the effect of ground vegetation management on the beneficial tree-nesting ant Oecophylla longinoda (Latreille) and its competitor, the ground-nesting ant, Pheidole megacephala (Fabricius), was studied in a citrus orchard in Tanzania. When ground vegetation was present, P. megacephala tolerated O. longinoda and to some extent cohabited with this ant in citrus trees. However, after clean cultivation, P. megacephala displaced O. longinoda from tree crowns and became the sole occupant of the majority of trees. Displacement could be reversed by reversing the weed management regime, but this took time. Two years after the establishment of ground vegetation about half of the trees were colonized by Oecophylla only. Maintaining ground vegetation in tree crop plantations benefits the establishment and abundance of Oecophylla over Pheidole and is recommended in order to improve the efficiency of biological control of tree pests. The use of Amdro ant bait (hydramethylnon) to control P. megacephala is discussed. Boosting agroecological innovations, such as the one described in this paper, could benefit smallholder producers.     

Topographic laparoscopy for buffaloes in the quadruped position

This study aimed to describe the anatomical topography of the abdominal cavity of buffaloes in the quadruped position to establish the best endosurgical access and vantage points and identify possible limitations. Laparoscopies were performed on 10 healthy female buffaloes obtained from the Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia to explore possible access points to the abdomen. Techniques for assessing and possibly observing certain organs and structures through the left and right flanks of 10 animals have been described. In five animals, access was created through the right side of the last intercostal space to allow more cranial access to the abdominal cavity. Despite the presence of the rumen, access through the left flank allowed the visualization of the structures of the gastrointestinal tract and the genitourinary system. With access through the right flank, however, imaging was hampered by the presence of the greater omentum and its deep and superficial walls, which prevented the progression of the endoscope. Access through the last right intercostal space allowed the visualization of the cranial structures of the abdominal cavity, such as the caudate process, right lobe of the liver, right kidney, and pancreas. Laparoscopic access through the left flank and the last intercostal space in healthy buffaloes in the quadruped position is feasible, and it is promising for the exploration, diagnosis, and treatment of various disorders in buffaloes.     

不同苜蓿品种对豌豆蚜田间抗性评价

以感蚜指数和抗蚜株率为指标,评价28个苜蓿（Medicago sativa）品种对豌豆蚜（Acyrthosiphon pisum）的田间抗蚜性。结果表明：感蚜指数以中苜1号最高为82.48,阿尔刚金最低为26.00;抗蚜株率阿尔刚金最高为93.50,猎人河最低为2.36。28个苜蓿品种中甘农5号、三得利、阿尔刚金等16个为高抗品种;金皇后、甘农3号等6个为抗性品种;Cropper nine、天水、75-43为中抗品种;渭南为低抗品种;猎人河和中苜1号为感虫品种。     

冷冻红薯泥的加工工艺研究

以红薯块根为原料,结合将成型产品速冻冷藏的工艺来研究红薯泥的加工工艺。采用对比试验、单因素试验和正交试验方法,研究了最佳护色条件、产品配料配比、冷冻时间对产品质量的影响。结果表明:整个块根直接蒸煮护色效果最好;产品配料以糖、盐、糯米粉组合最佳,以泥重计,这3种配料含量分别为6%,0.4%,2%;放入-24℃的冰箱中冷藏5 h左右即可达到产品要求。     

Efficiency of soil-applied 67Zn-enriched fertiliser across three consecutive crops

A very small amount of applied zinc (Zn) is taken up by crops, resulting in low recovery by plants. Adding elemental sulphur to zinc oxide (ZnO) fertiliser could improve Zn solubilisation and exert a higher residual effect on crops than soluble Zn sources. We produced an isotopically labelled Zn-elemental sulphur fertiliser and evaluated its performance in comparison to traditional Zn sources during sequential crop cultivation. Three ⁶⁷Zn-labelled fertilisers, ZnO, zinc sulphate (ZnSO₄), and ZnO co-granulated with elemental sulphur (ZnOS⁰), were soil applied, and their contributions to the uptake of Zn by three consecutive crops, wheat, ryegrass, and corn, were assessed in a 294-d pot experiment. The contributions of Zn fertilisers followed the order:ZnSO₄ > ZnO=ZnOS⁰. The relative contributions of Zn fertilisers were lower in the first crop than in the subsequent crops. The overall recovery of applied Zn by the three crops was higher for ZnSO₄ than for ZnO and ZnOS⁰, reaching 1.56%, 0.45%, and 0.33% of the applied Zn, respectively. Zinc recovery by plants was very low, regardless of the source of Zn. Adding elemental sulphur to ZnO did not increase its effectiveness up to 294 d after application. Fertiliser contribution was higher for the subsequent crops than for the initial crop, indicating the importance of assessing the residual effects of Zn fertilisers.     

南京市不同地点冬季热岛效应比较研究

对南京市4个地点的小气候进行观测发现,冬天位于城区的悬铃木行道树下和位于城郊的马褂木林内的太阳辐射强度明显小于篮球场和草坪地;地面辐射强度和地表温度呈篮球场〉草坪〉悬铃木行道树下〉马褂木林内;篮球场、草坪、行道树下和马褂木林内的全天24h平均气温分别是6．2,6．2,6．5,6．0℃,表明4种类型城市用地之间的小气候存在差异,其中城区气温较高,具有一定的温室效应。