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Der Kokon von Campoplex angustatus Thoms. (Hym., Ichneumonidae)

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Force plate analysis before and after dorsal decompression for treatment of degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in dogs

OBJECTIVE: Using force plate analysis (FPA), determine ground reaction forces in dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis (DLS) and evaluate the effects of lumbosacral decompressive surgery. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective clinical study. ANIMALS: Twelve dogs with DLS. METHODS: DLS was diagnosed by clinical signs, radiography, computed tomography, and/or magnetic resonance imaging. FPA was performed before surgery, and 3 days, 6 weeks, and 6 months after surgery. The mean peak braking (Fy+), peak propulsive (Fy-), and peak vertical (Fz+) forces of 8 consecutive strides were determined. The ratio between the total Fy- of the pelvic limbs and the total Fy- of the thoracic limbs (P/TFy-), reflecting the distribution of Fy-, was analyzed to evaluate any changes in locomotion pattern postoperatively. Ground reaction force data for DLS dogs were compared with data derived from 24 healthy dogs (control). RESULTS: In dogs with DLS, the propulsive forces (Fy-) of the pelvic limbs were significantly smaller than those of controls. P/TFy- was significantly smaller in dogs with DLS than in control dogs, and increased during the follow-up period, reaching normal values 6 months after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Cauda equina compression in dogs with DLS decreases the propulsive force of the pelvic limbs and surgical treatment restores the propulsive force of the pelvic limbs in a 6-month period. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In dogs with DLS, FPA is an effective method in evaluating the response to surgical treatment. Normal propulsive force in the pelvic limbs was restored during 6 months after decompressive surgery.     

Comparison of the effects of firocoxib, carprofen and vedaprofen in a sodium urate crystal induced synovitis model of arthritis in dogs

A randomized, placebo-controlled, four-period cross-over laboratory study involving eight dogs was conducted to confirm the effective analgesic dose of firocoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, in a synovitis model of arthritis. Firocoxib was compared to vedaprofen and carprofen, and the effect, defined as a change in weight bearing measured via peak ground reaction, was evaluated at treatment dose levels. A lameness score on a five point scale was also assigned to the affected limb. Peak vertical ground reaction force was considered to be the most relevant measurement in this study. The firocoxib treatment group performed significantly better than placebo at the 3 h post-treatment time point and significantly better than placebo and carprofen at the 7 h post-treatment time point. Improvement in lameness score was also significantly better in the dogs treated with firocoxib than placebo and carprofen at both the 3 and 7 h post-treatment time points.     

Structure-activity relationships of triazinone herbicides on resistant weeds and resistant Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Weeds resistant to the s-triazine herbicide atrazine also show resistance to the triazinone herbicide metribuzin. However, with highly lipophilic triazinones, thylakoids isolated from atrazine-resistant Amaranthus retroflexus (mutation at position Ser₂₆₄ of the photosystem II D-1 reaction centre protein) in general show a higher pI₅₀ value in photosystem II electron transport than those from the wild type (i.e. negative cross-resistance; ‘supersensitivity’). A quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) can be established, wherein the lipophilicity of the compound plays a major role. In in-vivo experiments, it was found that the triazinone DRW2698 killed resistant Amaranthus retroflexus and Chenopodium album whereas the wild type was almost unaffected. Triazinones were further investigated in five different mutants of Chlamydomonas rheinhardtii (mutations in the D-1 protein at positions Ser₂₆₄, Ala₂₅₁, Leu₂₇₅, Phe₂₅₅, and Val²¹⁹). Inhibitory activity of all triazinones was generally enhanced in the Phe₂₅₅ mutant but decreased in the Val₂₁₉ mutant. In the other mutants, biological activity was decreased when position 3 of the triazinone was substituted by CH₃, OCH₃, SCH₃, NHCH₃ or N(CH₃)₂. However, negative cross-resistance was again observed when this position was occupied by free thiol. It is therefore suggested that these two groups of triazinones orient themselves differently within the herbicide binding niche of the photosystem II D-1 protein.     

A new set of microsatellite markers for Fragaria species and their application in linkage analysis

Summary

This study reports the development of 68 new microsatellite markers. Of these, 45 were obtained, together with 20 others already published, from an AC-enriched genomic library of the wild strawberry Fragaria vesca. The 68 markers were tested for transportability to the cultivated strawberry F. ananassa ‘Miss’ and 83% gave positive amplifications. Twenty pairs of primers were selected and tested for their transportability to 16 Fragaria taxa and eight species of Rosaceae (peach, almond, apricot, European and Sino-Japanese plums, sweet and sour cherry, apple). The average proportion of primers amplifying loci in Fragaria was 69%, while the transportability to Rosaceae was very low and resulted in null amplification for 80% of the primer pairs. In addition, 23 microsatellite markers were developed from F. ananassa ‘expressed sequence tags’ databases. A total of 141 primer pairs from these and published primers, were tested for polymorphism in the two parents (91.333.2 and ‘Snovit’; both belonging to F. vesca) of a full sib population of 46 individuals. Fifty-eight percent of the primers were discarded because they were monomorphic, or were difficult to interpret, or their allelic conformation was not useful for mapping. The segregation of 73 primers was tested in the progeny and a partial map of the female parent was constructed, based on the segregation of 66 useful markers that were ordered into eight linkage groups of which four had from seven to 14 markers.