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991.
A. Pérez-Pastor R. Domingo A. Torrecillas Ma. C. Ruiz-Sánchez 《Irrigation Science》2009,27(3):231-242
During four growing seasons, 10-year-old apricot trees (Prunus armeniaca L., cv. ‘Búlida’) were submitted to three different drip irrigation regimes: (1) a control treatment, irrigated at 100% of
seasonal crop evapotranspiration (ETc), (2) a continuous deficit irrigation (DI) treatment, irrigated at 50% of the control
treatment, and (3) a regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) treatment, irrigated at 100% of ETc during the critical periods, which
correspond to stage III of fruit growth and 2 months after harvest (early postharvest), and at 25% of ETc during the rest
of the non-critical periods in the first two growing seasons and at 40% of ETc in the third and fourth. Soil–plant–water relation
parameters were sensitive to the water deficits applied, which caused reductions in leaf and soil water potentials. The longer
and severer deficits of the RDI treatment decreased fruit yield in the first two seasons. The RDI treatment pointed to two
threshold values that defined the level at which both plant growth and yield were negatively affected with respect to the
control treatment: (1) a predawn leaf water potential of around −0.5 MPa during the critical periods, and (2) a 22% drop in
irrigation water. The total yield obtained in the DI treatment was significantly reduced in all the years studied due to the
lower number of fruits per tree. No changes in the physical characteristics of fruits were observed at harvest. RDI can be
considered a useful strategy in semiarid areas with limited water resources. 相似文献
992.
Measurement and estimation of plastic greenhouse reference evapotranspiration in a Mediterranean climate 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
M. D. Fernández S. Bonachela F. Orgaz R. Thompson J. C. López M. R. Granados M. Gallardo E. Fereres 《Irrigation Science》2010,28(6):497-509
The standard FAO methodology for the determination of crop water requirements uses the product of reference evapotranspiration
(ETo) and crop coefficient values. This methodology can be also applied to soil-grown plastic greenhouse crops, which occupy extended
areas in the Mediterranean basin, but there are few data assessing methodologies for estimating ETo in plastic greenhouses. Free-drainage lysimeters were used between 1993 and 2004 to measure ETo inside a plastic greenhouse with a perennial grass in Almería, south-eastern Spain. Mean daily measured greenhouse ETo ranged from values slightly less than 1 mm day−1 during winter to values of approximately 4 mm day−1 during summer in July. When the greenhouse surface was whitened from March to September (a common practice to control temperature),
measured ETo was reduced by an average of 21.4%. Different methodologies to calculate ETo were checked against the measurements in the greenhouse without and with whitening. The methods that performed best in terms
of accuracy and statistics were: FAO56 Penman–Monteith with a fixed aerodynamic resistance of 150 s m−1, FAO24 Pan Evaporation with a constant Kp of 0.79, a locally-calibrated radiation method and Hargreaves. Given the data requirements
of the different methods, the Hargreaves and the radiation methods are recommended for the calculation of greenhouse ETo because of their simplicity. 相似文献
993.
B. Carrasco R. García-Gonzáles C. Díaz P. Ávila P. Cáceres G. A. Lobos H. Silva P. D. S. Caligari 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2014,61(7):1423-1432
The Austral papaya (Vasconcellea chilensis) is an endangered species that has valuable characteristics for introgression into other papaya species. These characteristics include disease resistance, cold tolerance and latex with low proteolytic activity. It is a species that grows under extreme environmental conditions of drought, salinity and temperature; it is found growing naturally in Chile but today only as three remnant populations. The results presented here, using inter simple sequence repeat molecular markers, along with morphological trait analyses, suggest that these relict populations are the result of a relatively recent fragmentation. This implies that the fragmentation has not yet had its full effect on the genetic variation and so emphasises the need for clear and urgent conservation measures to preserve the remaining genetic variation, particularly for the most northern of the three populations which is presently unprotected. 相似文献
994.
995.
The Effectiveness and Feasibility of Using Ochre as a Soil Amendment to Sequester Dissolved Reactive Phosphorus in Runoff 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Owen Fenton Laura Kirwan Daire Ó hUallacháin Mark Gerard Healy 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2012,223(3):1249-1261
Incidental losses of dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) to a surface waterbody originate from direct losses during land application
of fertilizer, or where a rainfall event occurs immediately thereafter. Another source is the soil. One way of immobilising
DRP in runoff before discharge to a surface waterbody, is to amend soil within the edge of field area with a high phosphorus
(P) sequestration material. One such amendment is iron ochre, a by-product of acid mine drainage. Batch experiments utilising
two grassland soils at two depths (topsoil and sub-soil), six ochre amendment rates (0, 0.15, 1.5, 7.5, 15 and 30 g kg−1 mass per dry weight of soil) and five P concentrations (0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg L−1) were carried out. A proportional equation, which incorporated P sources and losses, was developed and used to form a statistical
model. Back calculation identified optimal rates of ochre amendment to soil to ameliorate a specific DRP concentration in
runoff. Ochre amendment of soils (with no further P inputs) was effective at decreasing DRP concentrations to acceptable levels.
A rate of 30 g ochre kg−1 soil was needed to decrease DRP concentrations to acceptable levels for P inputs of ≤10 mg L−1, which represents the vast majority of cases in grassland runoff experiments. However, although very quick and sustained
metal release above environmental limits occurred, which makes it unfeasible for use as a soil amendment to control P release
to a waterbody, the methodology developed within this paper may be used to test the effectiveness and feasibility of other
amendments. 相似文献
996.
Matys Grygar Tomáš Sedláček Jan Bábek Ondřej Nováková Tereza Strnad Ladislav Mihaljevič Martin 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2012,223(2):739-753
Regional contamination by Pb and Zn in southern Moravia (south-east part of the Czech Republic) in the twentieth century was
analysed in Brno Dam lake sediments and in floodplain sediments of the Morava River near Strážnice. The age model for the
Brno Dam lake sediments has been obtained by 137Cs (maxima corresponding to the nuclear tests in atmosphere and the 1986 Chernobyl accident) and the construction of the dam
(1940); the time constraints for the Morava River sediments was the erection of flood defences (1930s) and 210Pb dating. In the case of floodplain sediments, profiles exhibiting post-depositional mobilisation of heavy metals by pedogenic
processes (gleying) must be excluded to reconstruct the history of contamination. There was a relatively fast joint onset
of Pb and Zn load since the early stages of industrialisation in the first half of the twentieth century, but then the concentrations
of these two metals developed in a different manner. Pb load only slightly increased till its peak in 1960s and 1970s. The
increase of Zn load was rather stepwise: Soon before 1930s (Morava River floodplain) and in 1940s and 1950s (in Brno Lake),
the relative contamination by Zn was much lower than during its peak in the 1970s to the present days. The offset of Pb and
Zn contamination curves could have been caused by three different artificial sources of these heavy metals. The temporal shift
of Pb and Zn loads can be used for dating sediments. 相似文献
997.
García-Estévez I Escribano-Bailón MT Rivas-Gonzalo JC Alcalde-Eon C 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2012,60(6):1373-1379
Detection and individual quantification of oak wood ellagitannins in oak barrel aged red wine samples are difficult mainly due to their low levels and the similarity between their structures. In this work, a quantification method using mass spectrometry has been developed and validated to quantify wine ellagitannins after sample fractionation with a previously reported method. The use of an internal standard is a requirement to correct mass signal variability. (-)-Gallocatechin, among the different tested compounds, was the only one that proved to be a suitable internal standard making possible the accurate and individual quantification of the main oak wood ellagitannins. The developed methodology has been used to detect and quantify these ellagitannins in different Spanish commercial wines, proving its usefulness. 相似文献
998.
Commercially available mannoprotein preparations were tested in Tempranillo winemaking to determine their influence on polysaccharide, polyphenolic, and color composition. No effect was found in the content of grape arabinogalactans, homogalacturonans, and type II rhamnogalacturonans. In contrast, mannoprotein-treated samples showed considerably higher values of high-molecular-weight mannoproteins (bMP) than controls from the beginning of alcoholic fermentation, although these differences diminished as vinification progressed. The bMP decrease observed in the mannoprotein-treated samples coincided with a substantial reduction in their proanthocyanidin content and wine stable color, suggesting a precipitation of the coaggregates mannoprotein-tannin and mannoprotein-pigment. Contrary to what is widely described, these results revealed that at the studied conditions, mannoproteins did not act as stabilizing colloids. Mannoprotein addition did not modify the content and composition of either monomeric anthocyanins or other monomeric phenolics, and it did not affect monomeric anthocyanin color. 相似文献
999.
Novák J Tykva R Wimmer Z Pavlík M Prouza M Hlavsová K Zarevúcka M 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(15):6604-6608
Two bacteria were isolated from sand RQ30, characterized as Bacillus simplex and Bacillus sp. strain 05 (GenBank EU399813 ), and were used as biocatalysts for a hydrolytic assay of stability of the cis or trans isomers of ethyl N-{2-{4-{[2-(butanoyl)oxycyclohexyl]methyl}phenoxy}ethyl}carbamate, which are among insect hormonogen substances (juvenogens). The stability tests were performed using simple modeling under laboratory conditions. The structures of the products were assigned as ethyl (1 R,2 R)- N-{2-{4-[(2-hydroxycyclohexyl)methyl]phenoxy}ethyl}carbamate and ethyl (1 S,2 R)- N-{2-{4-[(2-hydroxycyclohexyl)methyl]phenoxy}ethyl}carbamate on the basis of (1)H and (13)C NMR, IR, and FAB-MS analyses. 相似文献
1000.
Tredoux A de Villiers A Májek P Lynen F Crouch A Sandra P 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(12):4286-4296
A simple method for the analysis of major wine volatiles and semivolatiles by stir bar sorptive extraction in combination with thermal desorption and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SBSE-TD-GC-MS) was developed. Significant experimental parameters such as extraction time, temperature, salt addition, pH, and thermal desorption parameters were optimized to provide a sensitive and robust analytical method. The method provided good repeatability (%RSD < 10%) for 38 major wine volatile compounds, including alcohols, acids, esters, phenols, aldehydes, ketones, and lactones. Quantitative data for 62 South African red and white wines were used to study the suitability of major volatile data for the differentiation of wine samples according to grape variety or cultivar. Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) showed that most of the variation in volatile composition between wine samples could be ascribed to differences in wine age, wood contact, and fermentation practices. Despite the contribution of these factors, discriminant analysis (DA) was successfully applied to the classification of red and white wine samples according to cultivar. 相似文献