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51.
Morell V 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1994,266(5186):870-872
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W. J. Blok G. J. Bollen 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1993,99(3):29-40
Replant disease is a common phenomenon in asparagus growing in the Netherlands. It is distinct from the decline phenomenon reported from many other asparagus producing area’s. The involvement of autotoxins from root residues of former asparagus crops was evaluated. Residues of aspar agus roots decompose extremely slowly. At two locations, each with fields where asparagus production was terminated 1 and 10 years before, biomass of root residues was 4180 and 11060 kg dw ha?1 after 1 year and 420 and 1140 kg dw ha?1 after 10 years.Although 10-year-old residues were for the greater part decomposed, crude aqueous extracts inhibited root growth of asparagus seedlings significantly and even more of garden cress. In root observation boxes with field soil mixed with non-sterilized or sterilized asparagus root fragments, growth of secondary roots was inhibited. Non-sterilized strawberry roots did not inhibit root growth, suggesting that effects of organic matter were not involved. In a pot experiment, sterilized asparagus root fragments inhibited root growth when added at a rate of 20 g1?1, but not a 2 g1?1 Addition of non-sterilized root fragments strongly inhibited root growth at both levels. This was probably due to simultaneous infection byFusarium oxysporum present in these residues. When an asparagus field is replanted, the amount of root residues left behind in soil after termination of the crop in the previous season is about 2 g dw 1?1, that corresponds to approx. 11000 kg dw ha?1. This level is too low for considering direct growth inhibition by autotoxins as a major factor. Their possible indirect effects are briefly discussed. 相似文献
55.
Shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) seedlings in 24 open-top chambers were exposed to combinations of ozone (carbon-filtered (control), ambient, 1.7 x ambient, and 2.5 x ambient) and acidic precipitation (pH 5.3, 4.3 and 3.3) for 16 months (1989 harvest) or 28 months (1990 harvest). Although the effects of acid rain were generally not significant, there was a trend toward increased aboveground biomass and leaf area in seedlings subjected to the low pH treatments. Because N concentrations in the soils generally increased with decreasing pH, we concluded that the effects of acid rain on aboveground biomass and leaf area were a consequence of an increasing concentration of soil N. In the 1989 harvest, seedlings in the 2.5 x ambient ozone treatment had significantly less biomass in all aboveground plant components and significantly less total leaf area than seedlings in the 1.7 x ambient ozone treatment. In the 1990 harvest, there were no significant effects of ozone on total aboveground biomass, although there was a trend toward reduced biomass in seedlings in the 2.5 x ambient ozone treatment. Both total leaf area and leaf biomass were significantly less in seedlings exposed to 2.5 x ambient ozone for 28 months than in both control seedlings and seedlings in the 1.7 x ambient ozone treatment. The greater, but not always significant, aboveground biomass and leaf area of seedlings in the 1.7 x ambient ozone treatment compared with control seedlings may be associated with the observed increase in soil nitrate concentration as a result of increased rates of leaf senescence and litterfall. 相似文献
56.
Haensel V 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1993,262(5131):163-164
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Morell V 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1993,260(5106):420-425
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1. The incidence of exencephaly was investigated in chicken‐pheasant hybrids.
2. With the pheasant as sire, fertility was 7.lb6%, but with the fowl it was 19.lb5%; hatchability of fertile eggs, however, was similar, 42% and 41% respectively.
3. Only one exencephalic hybrid was obtained when the sire was the pheasant but 70 were noted when the fowl was sire. The incidence of this malformation in hatched chicks was 12 times more in crosses with the fowl as sire than in the reverse cross.
4. The frequency of exencephaly was greater with Rhode Island Red, Barred Leghorn or White Leghorn roosters than with Columbian Rock roosters. 相似文献
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