The effects of different types of management,functions, and characteristics of stands in Polish forests on the amount of coarse woody debris

In the modern forestry paradigm, many factors influence the amount of coarse woody debris (CWD). The present paper analyzes the effects of both local (national) programs (special functions of forests) and European programs (Natura 2000 sites), as well as the individual characteristics of forest stands. The study was conducted on 2,752 sampling plots distributed over an area of about 17,500 ha and located in lowland stands having a species composition typical of large areas in central Europe. Natura 2000 areas contained significantly more CWD (8.4 m³/ha) than areas not covered by the program (4.8 m³/ha). However, this is due to the fact that Natura 2000 sites involve well-preserved forest areas, such as nature reserves (26.6 m³/ha). In the managed forests that have been covered by the Natura 2000 program over the past several years, the volume of CWD has not increased. Forests with ecological and social functions differed slightly in the amount of CWD. More CWD occurred in protected animal areas (8.7 m³/ha) than in stands damaged by industry (3.9 m³/ha). Intermediate CWD levels were found in water-protection forests and in forests located around cities and military facilities. In managed forests, the lowest CWD volume was observed in middle-aged stands. The species composition of the stand had little effect on the volume of CWD. Only stands with a predominance of ash and alder had higher CWD levels (13.5 m³/ha). More CWD was found in stands whose species composition did not represent the potential site quality (6.4 m³/ha) than in habitats with the optimum species composition (3.8 m³/ha). CWD volume should be systematically increased taking into consideration local natural conditions. Such efforts should be focused on particularly valuable regions, and especially on Natura 2000 sites, where the threshold values reported from other European forests should be reached. Leaving some trees to die naturally and retaining reasonable amounts of such trees ought to be incorporated into CWD management practice in Poland.     

Incisor ridge modification of the mandibles in freshwater crayfish, Astacus leptodactylus

The differences in the ridge structure of the mandibles of different size Astacus leptodactylus (32–80 mm carapace length, CL) were investigated. The results showed that a modification occurs with an increase in size in the incisor ridge of mandibles in A. leptodactylus. The results also showed that A. leptodactylus possesses four different types of ridge structure in the mandibles. These are: (1) Incisor ridge with big teeth (dentate crenate), (2) Blade-like incisor ridge with numerous small teeth, (3) Blade-like ridge (toothless), (4) Blunt ridge. In conclusion, it is thought that the incisor ridge modification of the mandibles may cause the difference in the food choice of different size A. leptodactylus, because, crayfish possessing different ridge structures of the mandible may probably feed on different type of food.     

Soil acidification induced by intensive agricultural use depending on climate

Journal of Soils and Sediments - Soil acidification is a major issue in agricultural ecosystems. However, how agricultural land uses shape the soil pH pattern and affect soil acidification on a...     

不同浓度盐胁迫下闽楠和楠木光合生理研究

在3种不同盐胁迫条件下,分析了闽楠和楠木的光合生理特性。结果表明：盐胁迫对闽楠和楠木的净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、气孔导度（Gs）、胞间CO2浓度（Ci）和气孔限制值（Ls）均有明显的抑制作用,且同一处理不同树种间的净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、气孔导度（Gs）、胞间CO2浓度（Ci）和气孔限制值（Ls）存在差异;同一树种在不同处理条件下,净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、气孔导度（Gs）、胞间CO2浓度（Ci）和气孔限制值（Ls）也发生明显变化。     

木材检验技术在木材运输中的应用探讨

文章介绍了木材检验技术在木材运输中的作用与地位,分析了木材运输中常见的木材检验技术误区,阐述了由此引起的责任风险或者造成的危害,并依据现行木材检验标准规定,针对性地提出了规范的木材检验技术操作要领。     

Manipulation of vertical fence wake using passive vortex generators

The effect of streamwise vortices generated from passive vortex generators was investigated to manipulate the separation bubble behind the vertical fence. The experiments were carried out in a circulating water channel and the velocity fields were measured using 2D and stereoscopic PIV method.The distance between the vortex generator and fence and the effect of the Reynolds number were investigated. In addition,the effect of boundary layer thickness was also investigated. The averaged recirculation lengths were compared with that of uncontrolled fence flow. The results showed the oscillatory variation of recirculation region appeared under the existence of vortex generators. The reduction of the separation bubble became larger when the fence was submerged in the thick boundary layer with increasing the distance between the generator and fence. When the boundary layer is thin,vortex generator can only suppress the separation bubble under the specific condition.     

不同工况柴油机排气余热回收系统试验与仿真

基于有机朗肯循环(Organic rankine cycle,ORC)设计了柴油机排气余热回收系统。建立了ORC热力学仿真模型预测系统回收性能,并对某款柴油发动机在有、无ORC作用下分别进行试验,对比了试验数据与仿真结果,验证了模型的有效性。将模型应用于不同工况下,观察不同工质流量对ORC净功率及热效率的影响,结果表明ORC净功率随着转速的增加而增加,不同工况下最大热效率均为12.1%,且对应的工质流量选择区间随着转速的提高而扩大,此区间的确定可为ORC试验时工质流量范围的选择提供参考依据。     

水貂细胞色素b基因(Cytb)克隆、序列分析及与鼬属动物的进化关系

参照水貂(Mustela vison)近缘物种线粒体基因组序列设计引物,通过克隆、测序、再拼接的方法获得6个水貂品种和左家型水貂线粒体Cytb基因全序列.用DNAstar v6.13和DnaSP4.0分析显示,水貂Cytb基因全长为1140 bp,平均碱基含量为29.8%A、13.0%G、30.3%T及26.9%C,检测到12个多态位点,全为转换.用Clusta1X1.8进行多序列比较分析表明,水貂个体间Cytb基因相似性非常高.结合GenBank检索到的14种鼬属动物同源序列,用MEGA4.0基于邻接法分别构建鼬属动物核苷酸序列和氨基酸序列系统进化树,两种进化树得出相似的拓扑结构.结果表明:我国水貂与美洲水貂亲缘较近,与欧洲水貂(M.lutreola)亲缘较远,推算美洲水貂与欧洲水貂分歧时间在中新世.     

独立学院生物技术综合实验教学改革的探索与实践

对独立学院生物技术综合实验课程的教学内容体系、教学模式、实验考核体系等方面存在的问题进行了分析,采取了相关的改革措施,并取得了一定的成效,为独立学院的实验教学提供有益参考。