校院两级管理模式下地方农业高校教科研指标体系构建探索与对策研究

校院两级管理是高等院校内部管理体制改革创新的必然趋势,对高等院校盘活存量、激活增量具有重要作用.文章系统梳理了国内外高等院校内部管理体制改革和校院两级管理模式以及教科研指标体系的差异和特征,着重聚焦当前地方农业高校教科研指标体系构建中存在的问题,探析地方农业高校校院两级管理教科研指标体系构建的关键因素和环节,提出了"核...     

Replacement of fish meal by meat and bone meal in diets for large yellow croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea

A growth experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of replacement of fish meal (FM) by meat and bone meal (MBM) in diets on the growth and body composition of large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea). Six isonitrogenous (43% crude protein) and isoenergetic (20 kJ g^− 1) diets replacing 0, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75% FM protein by MBM protein were formulated. Each diet was randomly allocated to triplicate groups of fish in sea floating cages (1.0 × 1.0 × 1.5 m), and each cage was stocked with 180 fish (initial average weight of 1.88 ± 0.02 g). Fish were fed twice daily (05:00 and 17:30) to apparent satiation for 8 weeks. The water temperature ranged from 26.5 to 32.5 °C, salinity from 32 to 36‰, and dissolved oxygen content was approximately 7 mg l^− 1 during the experimental period. Survival decreased with increasing dietary MBM and the survival in the fish fed the diet with 75% protein from MBM was significantly lower than other groups (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in specific growth rate (SGR) among the fish fed the diets with 0 (the control group), 15, 30 and 45% protein from MBM. However, SGR in the fish fed the diets with 60 and 75% protein from MBM were significantly lower than other groups (P < 0.05). No significant differences in feeding rate were observed among dietary treatments. The digestibility experiment showed that the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of dry matter, protein, lipid and energy of MBM were significantly lower compared with those of FM (P < 0.05). Essential amino acid index was found to be correlated positively with SGR in the present study, suggesting that essential amino acid balance was important. Body composition analysis showed that the carcass protein and essential amino acids were not significantly affected by dietary MBM. The lipid and n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid (n-3 HUFA) in fish muscle, however, significantly decreased with increasing dietary MBM. These results showed that 45% of FM protein could be replaced by MBM protein in diets of large yellow croaker without significantly reducing growth. It was suggested that the reduced growth with higher MBM was due to lower digestibility and imbalance of essential amino acids.     

饲料溶菌酶添加水平对氨氮应激下吉富罗非鱼血清生化指标、抗菌性能和肝脏抗氧化能力的影响

为研究氨氮应激下溶菌酶对吉富罗非鱼血清生化指标、抗菌性能及肝脏抗氧化能力的影响,用6种不同溶菌酶添加水平(0、18、36、54、72和90 mg/kg)的饲料(分别记为L0、L18、L36、L54、L72和L90)饲喂初始均重为(11.35±0.08)g的罗非鱼60 d,之后应用氯化铵进行24 h氨氮应激实验。结果显示:1应激后,各组鱼的血清生化指标在组间存在较大差异(P0.05),不同溶菌酶添加水平下的鱼体对氨氮应激产生了不同的响应机制。L54组鱼主要通过激发免疫系统并调节蛋白质代谢来抵抗氨氮浓度突变;L72和L90组鱼主要通过调节高密度脂蛋白和低密度脂蛋白、胆固醇和甘油三酯之间的动态变化来缓解氨氮对机体的应激。2血清抗菌实验表明,L54和L72组鱼对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和嗜水气单胞菌的抑制能力最大,且显著高于对照组(P0.05);L36~L90组对溶藻弧菌的抑制作用显著高于对照组和L18组(P0.05);各溶菌酶添加组的鱼对枯草芽孢杆菌具有不同程度的保护作用。3应激后肝脏的超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性随溶菌酶添加水平的增加总体呈现先升后降的变化趋势,L54组显著高于对照组(P0.05);各添加组丙二醛含量均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。研究表明,54和72mg/kg溶菌酶添加水平对氨氮应激下吉富罗非鱼的血清生化指标、抗菌活性和肝脏抗氧化指标产生了最积极有效的调控,能够增强鱼体的抗应激能力。     

海黍子对仿刺参生长及水环境因子的影响

在水温7.0~19.5℃和盐度28.7~30.9的养殖环境下,将仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)和海黍子(Sargassum muticum)混养在1 m3水体中,研究在一定养殖空间内刺参-海黍子适宜的养殖容量和密度及其对水质的影响。仿刺参平均湿重(25.2±1.21)g;养殖密度,A1~A3组:600 g/m3,B4~B6组:400 g/m3,C7~C9组:200 g/m3。海黍子养殖密度,A1、B4、C7组:0 g/m3,A2、B5、C8组:1 000 g/m3,A3、B6、C9组:2 000g/m3。结果显示:(1)A1、B4组仿刺参的平均日增重率(Mdwg)和特定生长率(SGR)最小;C8和C9组仿刺参的Mdwg和SGR最大;A2组海黍子的SGR最大;C9组海黍子SGR最小;(2)A1、B4组NH4+-N、NO2--N、NO3--N和PO43--P含量较高;A3、B6、C9组各营养因子含量较低。研究表明:海黍子能吸收水体中的营养因子,其密度显著影响仿刺参的生长(P0.05)。本试验条件下,C8、C9组搭配比较合适,生态互利效果最好。     

Nitrate removal efficiency and bacterial community of polycaprolactone-packed bioreactors treating water from a recirculating aquaculture system

A denitrification reactor packed with polycaprolactone (PCL) as a carbon source and biofilm carrier was developed to remove nitrate nitrogen (\( {\mathrm{NO}}_3^{-}-\mathrm{N} \)) from the water of a recirculating aquaculture system for 115 days. The hydraulic retention time was set to 6 h, and the water flow rate was 0.95 L h^?1. The removal rates of \( {\mathrm{NO}}_3^{-}-\mathrm{N} \) ranged from 34.67 to 155.7 g \( {\mathrm{NO}}_3^{-}-\mathrm{N} \) m^?3 day^?1 when the effluent \( {\mathrm{NO}}_3^{-}-\mathrm{N} \) concentrations ranged between 1.62 and 72.25 mg L^?1. No obvious changes in the Fourier transform infrared spectra of the PCL before and after use were observed. Bacterial community structure in the biofilm of the PCL granules was analyzed using Illumina MiSeq sequencing technology. Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were predominant in the biofilm, with relative abundances of 63.9 and 27.4%, respectively. Three genera, Acidovorax, Azospira, and Diaphorobacter, were capable of both denitrification and PCL degradation. This study indicates that PCL-packed reactors may be used and optimized for removing nitrate from aquaculture effluents.     

养殖密度对宝石鲈生长性能和血液生化指标的影响

试验对循环水养殖系统中不同养殖密度宝石鲈(50,100,150,220尾/m3)的生长性能及血液生化指标进行比较.结果表明,150尾/m3组宝石鲈的生长较有优势,其特定生长率(1.61%/d)和存活率(89%)均较高,饲料系数较低(1.70);密度对血液中的谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶和胆红素的影响显著(P＜0.05),随养殖密度增加其浓度呈上升趋势,均在220尾/m3密度组上升最多;密度对血清无机离子(钾、钠、氯、镁、磷)也有影响.综合认为循环水养殖条件下,150尾/m3养殖密度组宝石鲈生长效果较具优势.     

虾夷扇贝C型凝集素母源传递与抑菌作用的初步研究

为研究虾夷扇贝C型凝集素的母源传递及其抑菌作用,实验运用qRT-PCR技术检测了经鳗弧菌刺激后虾夷扇贝卵巢中C型凝集素的表达模式,比较分析了C型凝集素基因在正常虾夷扇贝和鳗弧菌刺激的虾夷扇贝所产的卵及其胚胎发育前期的存在与变化;通过抑菌实验研究了卵胞浆中C型凝集素抑制细菌存活的作用.结果表明,鳗弧菌刺激能够诱导虾夷扇贝卵巢中的C型凝集素mRNA表达量显著变化,最高表达量出现在刺激8h后,为对照组的6.2倍;母体中C型凝集素可以传递给卵和胚胎,刺激组表达量极显著高于正常组,且表达量都随胚胎发育逐渐降低,至受精36 h时分别为正常对照卵的0.3和0.2倍;蛋白终浓度为200和400 μg/mL的卵无细胞体系都具有一定的抑菌作用,与C型凝集素家族抗体反应后,细菌存活率显著上升,说明母源C型凝集素在抑制细菌存活方面发挥了重要的作用.     

Effect of dietary vitamin B6 supplementation on growth and intestinal microflora of juvenile golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus)

In order to investigate the dietary vitamin B₆ (VB₆) requirement for juvenile golden pompano, an experiment of six different diets with six dietary VB₆ levels (0, 3.75, 7.47, 10.6, 13.7 and 18.5 mg/kg) was conducted. The results indicated that the content of dietary VB₆ significantly increased weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR; p < 0.05). Golden pompano fed diet containing 7.47 mg/kg VB₆ achieved the maximum ALT, AST, GPx, hepatic VB₆ concentrations as well as the minimum MDA, however, the ALT, AST, GPx and hepatic VB₆ concentrations decreased while MDA increased with a further increase in dieatry VB₆. The highest values of GR and POD occurred at the 10.6 and 13.7 mg/kg dietary VB₆ (p < 0.05) respectively. A diet supplemented with 7.47 mg/kg VB₆ increased intestinal Na⁺, K⁺‐ATPase, Chymotrypsin, γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase, creatine kinase and amylase activities (p < 0.05). The relative abundance of Tenericutes and Bacteroidetes decreased while Proteobacteria and Firmicutes improved with an increase in dietary VB₆ levels up to 7.47 mg/kg. Quadratic regression analysis on WGR, hepatic VB₆ concentrations, AST and ALT indicated that the optimum dietary VB₆ levels for juvenile golden pompano were 8.84–9.28 mg/kg.     

Effects of alternative dietary lipid sources on growth performance,health status and fillet fatty acid composition of hybrid sturgeon (Acipenser baeri Brandt ♀ × Acipenser schrenckii Brandt ♂)

An 8‐week trial was conducted to determine the effects of total replacement of 12.9% fish oil (FO) with soybean oil (SBO), peanut oil (PNO), sunflower seed oil (SFSO), corn oil (CO) and canola oil (CNO) on growth performance, health status and fillet fatty acid composition of hybrid sturgeon (194.28 ± 0.14 g). Compared to the FO group, dietary SBO decreased growth performance (p < .05), increased serum glucose and hepatic lipid content (p < .05). No obvious adverse effects on growth performance and health status were observed in PNO, SFSO and CO groups (p > 0.05). The fish fed with CNO had increased growth performance (p < .05), reduced serum ALT, AST, LDL‐C (p < .05) and enhanced serum GSH‐Px, T‐AOC, and LZM, MPO, C4 (p < .05). The contents of C18:1n9, C18:2n6, and ∑n‐3 PUFA and ∑n‐6 PUFA in fillets showed a positive linear correlation with the diets (p < .05). In summary, PNO, SFSO and CO are probable alternative lipid sources to fully replace FO. Hybrid sturgeon prefers to use CNO as a lipid source with improved growth performance and health status. The fillet fatty acid composition mirrors the dietary fatty acid composition.     

齐口裂腹鱼鳃丝细胞系的建立、鉴定及免疫研究

齐口裂腹鱼(Schizothorax prenanti)是长江上游水域的珍稀鱼类, 近年来由于环境变化和疾病爆发野外齐口裂腹鱼数量急剧减少, 现已被列入长江上游二级急切保护的特有鱼类, 因此, 对齐口裂腹鱼的保护刻不容缓。建立齐口裂腹鱼细胞系是保护其种质资源的有效手段, 也可以在不伤害现有鱼群的条件下进行多种齐口裂腹鱼相关生物学研究。本研究建立了首个来源于齐口裂腹鱼的细胞系, SPG 细胞系。原代细胞分离自齐口裂腹鱼鳃丝组织, 呈均一的上皮状, 使用含 15%血清的 L-15 培养, 在 15 个月时间里成功传至 55 代。线粒体 COI 基因鉴定, 证明该细胞来源于齐口裂腹鱼, 核型检测细胞染色体数目为 2n=96。在液氮中保存 12 个月的细胞, 复苏后能保持 75%以上活力。EGFP-N3 质粒转染 SPG 细胞后观察到明显的绿色荧光蛋白表达。病毒类似物 poly(I:C)和大肠杆菌脂多糖 LPS 可引起细胞 IL-1β、IL-8、TNFa 和 TLR22 等免疫相关基因表达量升高。表明本研究建立的齐口裂腹鱼鳃丝细胞系可用于免疫学研究。此外, 此细胞系还将在种质保存, 外源蛋白表达和齐口裂腹鱼体外生物学研究中发挥重要作用。