土壤重金属污染植物组合修复技术的应用*

 阐述了植物组合修复技术的概念、优点、类型及其在土壤重金属污染修复中的应用前景。     

Evaluation of Sensitivity to Phoxim and Cypermethrin in an Endoparasitoid,Meteorus pulchricornis (Wesmael) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), and Its Parasitization Efficiency Under Insecticide Stress

Insecticides can have consequences for beneficial arthropods. Insect parasitoids can contact insecticides through direct exposure spray droplets or residues on crop foliage. Here, we focus on better understand the response of Meteorus pulchricornis (Wesmael), a parasitoid wasp of lepidopteran pests, and its detoxification mechanisms on stress caused by phoxim and cypermethrin. Hence, we determined the dose–mortality curves and estimating the sublethal concentrations (LC₃₀ and LC₅₀). Then, we applied the sublethal concentrations against adult parasitoids to assess its survival, parasitism efficacy, and also developmental and morphometric parameters of their offspring. Simultaneously, we check the activities of glutathione S-transferase (GST), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and peroxidase (POD) after sublethal exposure of both insecticides, which has measured until 48 h after treatment. Overall, phoxim and cypermethrin exhibited acute lethal activity toward the parasitoid with LC₅₀ values 4.608 and 8.570 mg/liter, respectively. Also, we detect that LC₃₀ was able to trigger the enzymatic activity of GST, AChE, and POD, suggesting a potential detoxification mechanism. However, even when subjected to sublethal exposure, our results indicate strong negatives effects, in particular for phoxim, which has affected the parasitism efficacy and also the developmental and morphometric parameters of M. pulchricornis offspring. Therefore, it can be concluded that both phoxim and cypermethrin have negative impacts on M. pulchricornis and we suggest cautioning their use and the need for semifield and field assessments to confirm such an impact.     

生物质的裂解及液化

综述生物质热化学加工技术中的裂解和液化最新研究进展及裂解、液化产品的改性方法,并预测了今后的研究方向。     

一例体细胞克隆水牛脂肪及皮肤的组织结构观察

应用光镜及HE染色等技术对体细胞克隆水牛的脂肪和皮肤组织及其细胞类型和形态进行了详细的观察,旨在为以后体细胞克隆牛的研究提供一定的理论依据,结果表明,脂肪组织外周有疏松结缔组织包裹,脂肪小叶不明显;皮肤由表皮和真皮构成,借助皮下组织与深部的肌肉相连,局部表皮有脱落,皮肤土有毛囊分布.     

螯合剂对油葵修复镉砷复合污染土壤的影响

为提高油葵对农田土壤重金属的提取效率,研究了不同螯合剂(NTA、EGTA、EDDS和EDTA)对油葵修复Cd、As复合污染农田土壤的影响。结果表明,施用4种不同螯合剂对油葵根、茎、叶、花盘和籽粒生物量影响不大。不同螯合剂对油葵各器官Cd、As含量和积累量影响不一样。与CK处理相比,施用NTA、EGTA、EDDS、EDTA导致油葵花盘Cd含量分别提高30.2%、55.1%、41.9%和43.3%,根系As含量分别提高23.6%、18.1%、15.6%和15.4%,但是对籽粒和茎中Cd含量影响不显著。施用NTA、EGTA、EDDS和EDTA处理使油葵植株总Cd积累量分别比CK处理提高32.8%、45.3%、40.5%和41.6%,而对油葵As积累量没有显著影响。4种螯合剂对油葵各器官Cd、As富集系数有不同影响,而对Cd、As转运系数影响不显著。施用EDTA处理使根际土壤Cd含量比CK处理降低25.0%,施用NTA和EDTA处理使根际土壤As含量分别降低18.1%和14.3%。4种螯合剂均可以提高油葵对Cd、As污染土壤的修复效率。     

Endogenous hydrogen sulfide regulates oxidant/antioxidant balance in rat with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

AIM: To investigate the role of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) in the protection against oxidative stress in rats with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).METHODS: The rat model of COPD was established by cigarette smoking (CS) combined with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) instillation. Thirty-two healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: control group, CS+LPS group, CS+LPS+NaHS (H₂S donor) group and CS+LPS+PPG (DL-propargylglycine, an inhibitor of cystathionine-γ-lyase) group. After 30 days, the lung functions of the rats were measured, the histological changes of lungs were observed under light microscope and the pathological scores were calculated. The H₂S level in plasma and the protein expression of cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE) in the lung tissues were measured. The content of malondialdehyde (MDA), the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were detected to reflect oxidative stress.RESULTS: Compared with control group, the peak expiratory flow (PEF) decreased by 24% and intra-pressure (IP) increased by 66% in CS+LPS group. The pathological scores of the lung tissues also increased. Compared with CS+LPS group, no change in the lung function was observed after given NaHS or PPG, but the pathological scores decreased in CS+ LPS+ NaHS group. Compared with control group, the content of H₂S in plasma was increased by 26% on day 16. Compared with CS+LPS group, the content of H₂S in plasma of CS+LPS+PPG group was decreased by 22% after 30 days. Compared with control group, the protein expression of CSE increased, and no statistical difference among CS+LPS group, CS+ LPS+ NaHS group and CS+LPS+PPG group was observed. Compared with control group, MDA content in the lung tissues was increased by 24% in CS+LPS group, the activity of SOD was increased by 47% and the activity of CAT was increased by 52%. Compared with CS+LPS group, the MDA content in CS+LPS+NaHS group was decreased by 21%, and no statistical difference in the activity of SOD and CAT was observed. The activity of SOD decreased by 33% after given PPG.CONCLUSION: H₂S plays a role as anti-oxidant in the rats with COPD. The CSE/ H₂S pathway may be involved in the development of COPD.     

调理剂及农艺措施对污染稻田中水稻吸收镉的影响

【目的】探究水分管理、调理剂措施和组合措施对污染稻田稻米降Cd效果,旨在探索出不显著降低水稻产量前提下,能更高效降低土壤Cd生物有效性和稻米中Cd含量的方法。【方法】在湖南省株洲市选择中度Cd污染稻田开展田间小区水稻试验。试验中水稻种植两季,早稻品种为中嘉早17,晚稻为泰优390。试验分为6组,分别为水分管理(T2)处理、施用硅肥(T3)处理、施用竹炭处理(T4)、施用硅肥结合水分管理(T5)处理、施用竹炭结合水分管理(T6)处理和1个试验对照(T1),重复3次。【结果】试验各处理对稻田土壤有效态Cd含量均有降低,竹炭结合水分管理(T6)处理对两季水稻土壤均有显著降低,硅肥结合水分管理(T5)处理对晚稻土壤有效态Cd降低幅度最大。试验各处理对水稻各部位Cd含量均有降低效果,在糙米Cd含量方面,5个试验处理中对糙米Cd含量降低幅度以组合措施修复技术效果最好,即硅肥结合水分管理(T5)和竹炭结合水分管理(T6)处理。在水分管理修复技术(T2)中降Cd效果最高为29.23%;在施用调理剂修复技术中,硅肥处理(T3)和竹炭处理(T4)对稻壳和糙米中Cd含量均有显著降低(P<0.05)作用...     

美洲商陆(Phytolacca americana L.)--一种新的Mn积累植物

通过野外调查和水培试验,研究了锰在美州商陆体内积累情况及对其生长发育的影响,发现并鉴定出美洲商陆(Phytolacca am ericana L.)是一种新的M n积累植物。调查结果发现,美洲商陆对土壤中高含量的锰有很强的忍耐、吸收和积累能力,叶片中M n含量为5160￣8000m g·kg-1,平均为6490m g·kg-1。营养液培养试验证明,美洲商陆对生长介质中的M n有很强的忍耐能力,当生长介质中M n浓度高达10m m ol·L-1,叶片中M n含量达到11.76g·kg-1,植株仍生长正常。地上部M n含量及其积累量均随生长介质中M n浓度的增加而增加,当生长介质中M n浓度为50m m ol·L-1时,叶片中M n含量达到47.06g·kg-1。结果表明,美洲商陆是我国发现的一种新的M n积累植物,为今后探明植物积累M n的机理和M n污染土壤的植物修复提供了一种新的种质资源。     

绵羊繁殖性状候选基因调控的研究进展

绵羊的繁殖性状受多基因调控,作者简要综述了现已发现并证明的主效基因和QTL位点（如FecB、FecX^I、FecX^H和FecX^2W等）。通过分析这些基因或QTL位点的作用、基因定位、生理效应、遗传方式及遗传效应等,从而为探讨绵羊多胎性状的基因调控规律提供理论依据。     

固体活性有机肥对河西内陆灌区玉米田理化性质和经济效益的影响

在甘肃河西内陆灌区连作8 a的玉米制种田上,采用田间试验方法,研究了固体活性有机肥施用量与玉米制种田理化性质和玉米经济性状及效益的关系。结果表明:固体活性有机肥最佳组合是:糠醛渣45 t/hm2、牛粪67.50 t/hm2、生物菌肥0.06 t/hm2、聚乙烯醇0.03 t/hm2、保水剂0.06 t/hm2;固体活性有机肥施用量与玉米制种田孔隙度、团粒结构、蓄水量、有机质、速效氮磷钾、EC呈正相关,与容重、pH呈负相关;随着固体活性有机肥施用量的增加,制种玉米产量在增加,但单位质量固体活性有机肥的增产量则随着固体活性有机肥施肥量的增加而递减,出现报酬递减律;固体活性有机肥施用量在112 t/hm2的基础上,再增加28.00 t/hm2,边际利润出现负值;经回归统计分析,固体活性有机肥最佳施用量为111.40 t/hm2时,制种玉米的理论产量为7.28 t/hm2。