源库调节对向日葵产量及其构成的影响

于向日葵初花期进行不同层位叶片减源和花盘疏库处理,研究源库调节对向日葵产量及其构成的影响。结果表明,与降低50%库容相比,去除50%叶源能够显著降低产量;不同叶源水平下,食用型向日葵的下部叶片、油用型向日葵中部叶片是限制产量的主要部位,能够显著影响叶片净光合速率、经济产量、生物产量、单盘粒数、单盘粒质量、百粒质量和结实率,是对产量贡献最大的功能叶片,向日葵属源限制型作物,源是限制产量的主要因素。     

土地资源利用现状的区域差异及可持续利用研究——以南京市为例

在科学确定大城市市域土地资源利用现状区域差异指标评价体系的基础上，通过动态聚类方法，以乡（镇）为单位，对南京市郊区和郊县的土地利用现状进行分区，并分析了不同土地利用现状区土地利用特征，提出了不同区域土地资源可持续利用的政策取向     

Osteological development and anomalies in larval stage of hatchery‐reared yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco

Comprehensive knowledge of osteological development of fish not only provides means for understanding its functional development, but also allows early detection of skeletal anomalies. The present study was conducted to determine osteological development and occurrence of anomalies from the first to the 40th day after hatching (DAH) for yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco, a commercially important species in China. Vertebral ontogeny started with formation of anterior neural arches at 3 DAH, and completed at 6 DAH. Vertebral centra started to develop at 4 DAH and ossification in all centra was visible at 15 DAH. Caudal fin appeared at 2 DAH and ossification was visible at 26 DAH. The onset of dorsal and anal fins appeared at 4 DAH and their ossifications were visible at 20 DAH. Pectoral fins were present before first feeding and formed entirely at 9 DAH, and their ossifications were visible at 21 DAH. Pelvic fins appeared at 9 DAH, and formed completely at 21 DAH. The ossification of pelvic fins was not finished until the end of the experiment (40 DAH). 24 types of skeletal anomalies were observed. About 20% of individuals showed at least one anomaly. Haemal vertebrae anomalies occurred at the highest frequency, followed by pre‐haemal, caudal vertebrae and anal fin anomalies, and caudal fin had the lowest anomalies frequency. For the first time, our study determined osteological development and anomalies incidence in larval yellow catfish, which help further investigations into rearing conditions leading to appearance of these anomalies to prevent their incidence.     

辽宁省甜瓜果腐病病原菌鉴定及生物学特性初探

 由丝核菌引起的甜瓜果腐病是辽宁省近年发生的新病害,在棚室甜瓜生产中发生渐趋严重。根据病原菌形态、致病性、菌丝融合群和rDNA-ITS序列分析,确定其病原菌为茄丝核菌（Rhizoctonia solani）,AG-4 HGI融合群。病原菌生物学特性测定结果表明,菌丝生长最适温度28 ℃;最适pH 6.0 ~ 8.0;供试10种培养基中,在甜瓜煎汁培养基中菌丝生长最快;供试9种碳源和10种氮源中,最适碳源为可溶性淀粉,最适氮源为蛋白胨;光照对菌丝生长影响较小。菌核形成最适条件为温度25 ℃,pH 7.0,理查培养基,黑暗条件;以山梨醇为碳源的PA培养基和以KNO₃为氮源的查氏培养基有利于菌核形成。对于病菌菌核萌发胡萝卜煎汁培养基最为适宜;供试9种碳源和10种氮源中,最适碳源为麦芽糖,最适氮源为蛋白胨;菌核萌发最适温度28 ℃,最适pH 5.0 ~ 8.0,黑暗条件利于菌核萌发;菌丝致死温度50 ℃、10 min;菌核致死温度53 ℃、10 min。     

一个与稻瘟病菌无毒基因AVR-Pik~m连锁的SCAR标记的分离

 本研究将以前在稻瘟病菌菌株S1522获得的与决定对水稻品种梅雨明无毒性的基因(AVR-Pik^m)相连锁的1个RAPD标记OPO12₁₀₀₀进行了克隆和鉴定。核苷酸序列测定与分析结果表明:OPO12₁₀₀₀的大小为946个碱基,不含有与已报道的稻瘟病菌Mg-SINE、Fosburry、Magyy、Grasshopper、Pot2以及Pot3等同源的重复序列。根据OPO12₁₀₀₀的核苷酸序列,设计了1对24个核苷酸的特异引物,对无毒表型亲本S1522和毒性表型亲本S159、无毒表型群体基因池、毒性表型基因池以及有性杂交后代108个菌株进行了PCR扩增,所有无毒表型的菌株均能特异性地扩增出1条与OPO12₁₀₀₀大小相同的DNA条带,而毒性表型的菌株除5个重组个体外,均不能扩增出这条特异带。此结果表明,与稻瘟病菌无毒基因AVR-Pik^m连锁的RAPD标记OPO12₁₀₀₀被成功地转化为SCAR标记,为进一步通过染色体步移克隆该无毒基因奠定了基础。     

Evaluation of Cytotoxic Responses Caused by Selected Organophosphorus Esters in Chick Sympathetic Ganglia Cultures

Ten day old chick sympathetic ganglia cultured in a microslide assembly were treated with a selected group of organophosphate pesticides to evaluate their cytotoxicity ranges, and the usefulness of such a model for screening pesticides. Examination by phase contrast and light microscopy for chemically-induced morphological alteration of nerve fibers, glial cells and neurons provided the criteria for quantitation and assessment of the toxic effects. Concentrations that produced half-maximal effects ranged from 1 × 10^-6M (severely toxic) for methylparathian, diazinon, paraoxon, mevinphos, diisopropylfluorophosphate, tri-o-tolyl phosphate and its mixed isomers to a 1 × 10^-3M (intermediate) for malathion, leptophos, coumaphos, mono- and dicrotophos. Some or no effects were evident at 1 × 10^2-M for O'ethyl-O-p-nitrophenyl phenyl phosphonothioate, tri-m-tolylphosphate, chlorpyriphos and triphenyl phosphate. In all instances, nerve fibers were more sensitive than neurons or glial cells to insecticides. All cellular growth was inhibited at 1 × 10^-2M (except triphenyl phosphate). Below 1 x 10^-7M, no inhibitory effects were evident. The secondary abnormalities included decreased cellular migration, diffuse cellular growth pattern, increased vacuolization, nerve fiber swelling and cellular degeneration. The cytotoxic effects of these chemicals do not appear to be related to in vivo toxicity or cholinesterase inhibition potential.     

A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for quinoxaline‐2‐carboxylic acid in rats,extrapolation to pigs

A multi‐compartment physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to describe the disposition of cyadox (CYX) and its metabolite quinoxaline‐2‐carboxylic acid (QCA) after a single oral administration was developed in rats (200 mg/kg b.w. of CYX). Considering interspecies differences in physiology and physiochemistry, the model efficiency was validated by pharmacokinetic data set in swine. The model included six compartments that were blood, muscle, liver, kidney, adipose, and a combined compartment for the rest of tissues. The model was parameterized using rat plasma and tissue concentration data that were generated from this study. Model simulations were achieved using a commercially available software program (ACSLX_Libero version 3.0.2.1). Results supported the validity of the model with simulated tissue concentrations within the range of the observations. The correlation coefficients of the predicted and experimentally determined values for plasma, liver, kidney, adipose, and muscles in rats were 0.98, 0.98, 0.98, 0.99, and 0.95, respectively. The rat model parameters were then extrapolated to pigs to estimate QCA disposition in tissues and validated by tissue concentration of QCA in swine. The correlation coefficients between the predicted and observed values were over 0.90. This model could provide a foundation for developing more reliable pig models once more data are available.     

稻田养殖水生绿肥对水层中氮素循环的影响

在我国南方水稻生产中,如何开辟新肥源以改良土壤、增产粮食是个重要课题.增辟肥源途径很多,其中探讨水稻田的养分循环,研究以田养田的技术措施是有价值的.本文拟在讨论水稻田水层的氮素循环基本特性的基础上,对水浮莲(Pistia stratiotes L.)在稻田放养和利用的技术及其效果作一介绍.     

葡萄糖-赖氨酸美拉德产物分级组分对香蕉酶促褐变的抑制

酶促褐变是香蕉加工中拟解决的关键问题,非硫安全高效抑制剂的筛选是目前的研究热点。美拉德产物（Maillard reaction products,简称MRPs）展示了其良好的抑制酶促褐变的能力,然而美拉德产物分级组分的相关研究尚未见报道。通过透析处理得到大于和小于3 500 u的分级组分,比较其抑制香蕉酶促褐变的相关能力,并对抑制机理进行研究。结果显示：3种MRPs中,MW>3 500 u的MRPs具有较好的还原力,MW<3 500 u的MRPs具有较好的DPPH·清除率、螯合铜离子能力以及抑制多酚氧化酶酶活的能力。MW<3 500 u的MRPs对游离酶抑制常数（KI）和对酶-底物络合物的抑制常数（KIS）分别为0.198 mmol/L和1.508 mmol/L,抑制类型属于混合型抑制。     

2个枇杷品种叶片氮代谢的比较

以‘东湖早’和‘早钟6号’枇杷为材料,研究其叶片氮含量和氮代谢相关酶活性,并探讨其间的相关性。结果表明,‘东湖早’枇杷春梢叶片氮含量、可溶性蛋白含量和氮代谢相关酶活性均显著高于‘早钟6号’,而2个品种的夏梢、秋梢和冬梢叶片则均无显著性差异。相关性分析表明,四个季节中,2个品种的叶片全氮含量均与NR、GS和GDH活性呈显著或极显著正相关;‘早钟6号’枇杷叶片氨态氮含量与NR和GS活性呈显著正相关,而‘东湖早’枇杷叶片氨态氮含量与NR和GS活性则呈不显著相关;2个品种的叶片硝态氮含量与NR、GS和GDH的活性均不存在显著相关性。