生物炭对不同坡度坡耕地土壤水动力学参数的影响

在3种地形坡度条件下,开展了施加生物炭后连续两年的土壤水动力学效应试验研究,探究不同坡度坡耕地施加生物炭当年和次年对土壤水分常数、土壤水分特征曲线、比水容量、非饱和导水率K(h)和非饱和扩散率D(θ)的影响。结果表明:施用生物炭当年和次年均使土壤田间持水率和饱和含水率增大,且随坡度增加其增率变大,生物炭因子两年内对土壤水分常数的影响显著(P <0. 015),而坡度因子影响不显著(P> 0. 05),即生物炭因子作用更明显;施用生物炭两年内,在各个土壤吸力条件下土壤含水率均增大,土壤持水性增强,且同地形坡度呈正相关关系、同年限呈负相关关系;生物炭在两年内均增大土壤比水容量,使其供水能力加强,最大增量1. 830 207×10^-3cm^3/cm^4;地形坡度对K(h)无明显影响,但施加生物炭可使K(h)增大,土壤导水性增强,2016、2017年K(h)最高分别增加239. 61%、164. 04%;施加生物炭可降低D(θ),抑制土壤水分的水平运动,随地形坡度增加抑制效果增强。生物炭施用当年对各土壤水动力学参数的影响大于施用次年。研究结果可为东北黑土区坡耕地农业水土保护和利用提供理论依据。     

小麦倒伏信息无人机多时相遥感提取方法

采用两期无人机可见光遥感图像,对灌浆期冬小麦倒伏图像特征及倒伏信息提取方法进行研究。从增强图像空间域方面,对图像进行二次低通滤波,获取地物散点图,以散点存在明显分界线为判定标准,选出小麦倒伏信息提取的单特征,对两单特征线性拟合构建倒伏小麦两时期提取特征参数F_1和F_2,再以两特征参数相似性构建综合特征参数F_3。将特征参数结合K-means算法提取冬小麦倒伏信息,整体精度(OA)达86. 44%以上,Kappa系数达0. 73以上,倒伏信息提取精度(F)为81. 07%以上,因此综合特征参数可作为两个时期冬小麦倒伏信息提取特征参数。分别用本文方法、支持向量机、神经网络法和最大似然法提取验证区域倒伏小麦信息,经验证,本文方法提取小麦倒伏信息整体精度(OA)达86. 29%以上,Kappa系数达0. 71以上,倒伏信息提取精度(F)达80. 60%以上;其他3种常用方法提取的整体精度(OA)为69. 68%～87. 44%,Kappa系数为0. 49～0. 72,倒伏信息提取精度(F)为65. 33%～79. 76%。结果表明,本文方法整体精度和倒伏信息提取精度均高于目前常用分类方法。因此,综合特征参数与K-means算法对冬小麦在灌浆期倒伏信息提取具有一定的准确性和适用性。     

基于云服务的棚室蔬菜智能终端系统设计与实现——以黑龙江省为研究案例

棚室蔬菜产业在黑龙江省农业转方式、调结构和供给侧改革中占有重要的战略地位。黑龙江省棚室蔬菜生产规模近年来发展较快,技术支撑需求也与日俱增。本研究针对黑龙江省棚室蔬菜发展规模与技术服务支撑能力不匹配的现状,提出了基于云服务的棚室蔬菜智能终端系统及关键技术的实现方法。本研究以专家服务为主、数据挖掘技术为辅,以物联网设备为感知手段、以智能手机为用户终端,利用云服务对知识、资源、物联网数据的整合配置能力,提供蔬菜专家及棚室蔬菜用户对信息获取、存储、分析和决策的高效解决方案。本研究的部分内容已在黑龙江省农业科研部门、企业、蔬菜合作社、农户等不同用户群体中实验应用,能够为专家提供棚室蔬菜生产环境的远程问诊手段,适用于各类棚室蔬菜应用场景。本研究还提出了对大规模应用场景下的技术解决方案建议,可在全国的棚室蔬菜生产中推广应用,实现更广泛高效的专家技术服务支撑。     

Changes in soil macropores: Superposition of the roles of organic nutrient amendments and the greenhouse pattern in vegetable plantations

Organic farming can potentially mitigate soil compaction, which commonly occurs in vegetable plantations, particularly in greenhouses when compared with open‐air systems. Although several studies have addressed the effect of planting patterns on soil pore characteristics, few studies have focused on changes in pore attributes under organic fertilization. We used adjacent fields during green manure planting as a control to compare the differences in soil physicochemical and macropore parameters between 14‐year‐old greenhouse plots and open‐air plots under organic fertilization. Pearson's correlation analysis was performed to analyse the drivers of soil macropore characteristics in vegetable plantations in Jiangsu Province, China. A significant increase in connectivity, fractal dimensions and total macroporosity and a decrease in bulk density after 14 years of organic farming, particularly in the surface layer in the greenhouse, were observed. However, the difference in pores in the plough pan layer was not significant between the treatments. The volume of small pores (50–500 μm) and medium pores (500–1,000 μm) increased significantly (p < 0.05) in both the greenhouse and open‐air systems, showing significantly positive relationships with soil organic matter (SOM) and total nitrogen (TN) content. Large pores (>1,000 μm) showed a clear decrease, especially in open‐air fields, possibly due to the disappearance of the original straw residues in the surface layer. Small and medium pores in the plough layer increased in greenhouse fields, whereas the opposite occurred in open‐air fields. Overall, compared with open‐air systems, long‐term organic greenhouse patterns had a significantly positive effect on soil pore attributes.     

滨海沙地不同人工林凋落物现存量及其持水特性

为了研究滨海沙地沿海防护林凋落物水源涵养功能,采用野外调查和室内浸泡相结合,对滨海沙地4种典型人工林(木麻黄林、湿地松林、尾巨桉林和纹荚相思林)不同分解阶段的凋落物现存量、持水率、持水量和吸水速率进行研究。结果表明:相同林龄的4种人工林凋落物现存量表现为木麻黄林(19.12 t/hm~2)湿地松林(17.51 t/hm~2)尾巨桉林(10.90 t/hm~2)纹荚相思林(10.13 t/hm~2),半分解层凋落物储量占比高于未分解层;4种人工林最大持水率在140.55%～206.47%,为尾巨桉林纹荚相思林木麻黄林湿地松林,最大持水量在20.75～30.85 t/hm~2,为木麻黄林湿地松林尾巨桉林纹荚相思林,4种人工林凋落物最大持水率和最大持水量均为半分解层大于未分解层,不同分解阶段凋落物持水率和持水量与浸水时间呈对数关系;4种人工林不同分解阶段凋落物平均吸水速率在前0.25 h内差异较大,未分解层中尾巨桉林最大为2.05 mm/h,半分解层中湿地松林最大为4.32 mm/h,不同分解阶段凋落物吸水速率与浸水时间均存在幂函数关系;凋落物有效拦蓄深为木麻黄林(2.45 mm)湿地松林(2.04 mm)尾巨桉林(1.87 mm)纹荚相思林(1.72 mm)。综合来看,木麻黄林凋落物的持水能力最强,湿地松林次之,之后是尾巨桉林和纹荚相思林,说明从凋落物水源涵养能力来看,木麻黄林和湿地松林更利于滨海沙地的水源涵养。     

滨海沙地不同固氮树种叶片氮、磷重吸收与生物固氮的耦合关系

福建滨海沙地氮磷养分匮乏,季节性干旱严重。养分重吸收可以减弱植物对土壤养分供应的依赖,从而增强植物适应逆境的能力。以福州市滨海后沿沙地人工营造的木麻黄、肯氏相思和纹荚相思人工林为研究对象,进行不同叶龄(成熟叶、衰老叶)叶片N、P浓度及稳定氮同位素丰度值(δ15 N)的测定,通过统计手段研究叶片N、P重吸收效率(NRE、PRE)、重吸收度(NRP、PRP)及其与生物固氮率的关系。结果表明:(1)滨海沙地不同固氮树种叶片NRE表现为纹荚相思(52.80%)>肯氏相思(28.27%)>木麻黄(24.63%),纹荚相思叶片NRE显著高于肯氏相思和木麻黄,但后两者间无显著差异;PRE表现为肯氏相思(74.08%)>纹荚相思(63.99%)>木麻黄(40.47%),且相互之间差异显著。(2)滨海沙地不同固氮树种生物固氮率表现为肯氏相思(69.45%)>纹荚相思(69.15%)>木麻黄(34.59%),2种相思树种生物固氮率无显著差异,但显著高于木麻黄99.88%～100.77%。(3)滨海沙地不同固氮树种生物固氮率与NRE、PRE和NRP呈负相关关系,与叶片PRP呈正相关关系。因而,滨海沙地不同固氮树种生物固氮与叶片的氮、磷重吸收存在耦合关系,并显著影响氮、磷重吸收效率和重吸收度。研究结果为揭示滨海沙地不同固氮树种对贫瘠土壤和季节性干旱的适应机制提供依据,也为滨海沙地营林管理提供参考。     

控释氮肥全量基施对宁夏引黄灌区水稻氮素利用效率和淋失的影响

利用田间小区试验研究了控释氮肥全量基施对宁夏水稻产量、氮素利用效率和淋洗损失的影响,为控释氮肥全量基施技术在宁夏引黄灌区应用提供技术依据。以宁粳50号水稻品种为研究对象,以不施氮肥(CK)为对照,参考农民常规施肥(FP)施氮量,设置了4个控释氮肥减量施用处理:控释氮肥135 kg/hm~2(C-135)、控释氮肥180 kg/hm~2(C-180)、控释氮肥225 kghm~2(C-225)和控释氮肥270 kg/hm~2(C-270)。对水稻产量、氮素吸收和利用效率、水稻生育期不同深度淋溶水浓度和淋失量进行测定和分析。结果表明:C-180处理和C-225处理在氮肥用量分别降低了25%和40%的条件下,水稻籽粒产量没有降低,原因在于提高了水稻的有效穗数和穗粒数。与FP比较,控释氮肥施氮量控制在270 kg/hm~2以下时,控释氮肥全量施用各处理氮肥利用率显著提高,C-135、C-180、C-225处理氮肥利用率分别比FP处理提高了10.22,11.10,12.75个百分点。控释氮肥各处理水稻生育期内田面水和不同土体深度淋溶水中的TN浓度均低于FP处理,且延迟了田面水中TN浓度峰值出现的时间,减少了因稻田排水和径流导致的氮素损失。FP处理全生育期氮素淋洗损失总量为24.57 kg/hm~2,控释氮肥各处理素淋洗损失总量在11.54～17.35 kg/hm~2,其中C-180,C-225处理总氮淋失量分别比常规施肥降低了46.17%和49.40%。综合考虑水稻产量和氮素损失因素,宁夏水稻控释氮肥全量基施适宜施氮量在180～225 kg/hm~2。     

Postpyrogenic Variability of Litter in Mountain Forests of Baikal Region

Eurasian Soil Science - The data of experimental studies on the postpyrogenic dynamics of the litter in mountain taiga cedar (Pinus sibirica), pine (Pinus sylvestris) and subtaiga forest-steppe...     

A rapid,simple, and sensitive immunoagglutination assay with silica nanoparticles for serotype identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

An agglutination test based on colored silica nanoparticles (colored SiNps) was established to detect serotypes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Monodisperse colored SiNps were used as agglutination test carriers. The colored SiNps were prepared through reverse microemulsion with reactive dyes, sensitized with 11 kinds of mono-specific antibodies against P. aeruginosa, and denoted as IgG-colored SiNps. Eleven kinds of IgG-colored SiNps were individually mixed with P. aeruginosa on a glass slide. Different serotypes of P. aeruginosa could be identified by agglutination test with evident agglutination. The P. aeruginosa could be detected in a range from 3.6 × 10⁵ to 3.6 × 10¹² cfu mL^?1. This new agglutination test was confirmed to be a specific, sensitive, fast, easy-to-perform, and cost-efficient tool for the routine diagnosis of P. aeruginosa.