不同运输条件对合浦珠母贝稚贝存活比较

比较运输方式及环境温度对合浦珠母贝稚贝运输中的存活影响,从而为稚贝运输过程中的运输方式、环境温度及运输时间的把握提供借鉴和参考。以3月龄稚贝为实验材料,运用无水干露、加水淹没及包装充氧等3种方式,分别在环境温度为5、13、21和29℃下模拟运输。每隔3 h从每组运输条件下取出1组实验贝,转移到正常养殖环境下暂养恢复,经48 h后统计其存活率。对运输时间与存活率之间进行非线性参数曲线拟合,计算每组运输条件下的致死时间(T_0)、半致死时间(T_(0.5))及全致死时间(T_1);运用双因素方差分析,Duncan氏方法比较3种运输方式及4种环境温度间的均值。结果显示:包装充氧优于其他两种运输方式,而加水淹没又优于无水干露;温度为13℃和21℃时优于其他2个环境温度,环境温度为17.60～20.05℃是稚贝运输的最佳温度。     

低温对南极假山毛榉光系统Ⅱ的影响

  目的  探究低温对南极假山毛榉Nothofagus antarctica光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)的影响,利用综合生物反应指数(IBR)评价法计算低温胁迫下的叶绿素荧光综合指标的可行性。  方法  采取逐步降低环境温度的方法(从25 ℃降至?25 ℃),测量并分析南极假山毛榉叶片的相对叶绿素含量和快速叶绿素荧光,计算各温度下植株的综合生物反应指数,综合评价温度降低对PSⅡ光化学活性的影响。  结果  环境温度为15 ℃时,PSⅡ光化学活性无变化;环境温度为5 ℃时,放氧复合体损伤,PSⅡ各单位之间的能量流通受阻。低温(?5、?15和?25 ℃)导致相对叶绿素含量显著降低,PSⅡ供体侧受损加剧,电子传递效率下降,PSⅡ各单位之间的能量流通混乱,热耗散显著增加。各温度处理下植株的综合生物反应指数和相对叶绿素含量与测试温度均表现为显著负相关。  结论  低于?5 ℃的低温会对南极假山毛榉PSⅡ的光化学活性造成严重胁迫,综合生物反应指数可以综合评价低温胁迫对植株PSⅡ光化学活性和相对叶绿素含量的影响。图7表1参24     

不同地理群体合浦珠母贝双列杂交子代数量性状比较及其相关和通径分析

[目的]比较不同地理群体合浦珠母贝(Pinctada fucata)双列杂交子代数量性状及确定形态性状对其体质量和软体质量的真实影响效应,为合浦珠母贝的选择育种提供参考依据.[方法]以海南三亚(SY)和广西北海(BH)2个地理野生合浦珠母贝群体为亲本,经双列杂交获得4个F1代群体(SY♂×SY♀、SY♂×BH♀、BH♂×SY♀和BH♂×BH♀),各随机挑选100只养殖至14月龄的个体进行数量性状(壳长、壳高、壳宽、铰合线长、体质量和软体质量)测量,并采用SPSS 18.0进行K-S检验、单因素方差分析、表型性状相关分析、通径分析和决定系数计算.[结果]4个F1代群体的体质量和软体质量变异系数明显大于形态性状的变异系数,其中又以软体质量的变异系数最大.SY♂×SY♀群体壳长与体质量和软体质量间的相关性最大,对应的相关系数分别为0.675和0.529;而其他3个F1代群体的壳宽与体质量和软体质量的相关性最大.剔除对体质量和软体质量不显著的形态性状,分别建立针对各F1代群体体质量和软体质量的回归方程,总决定系数(R2)均小于0.850.通径分析结果表明,对SY♂×SY♀群体体质量和软体质量直接影响最大的形态性状分别是壳高和壳长,对其他3个F1代群体体质量和软体质量直接影响最大的形态性状均是壳宽;SY♂×SY♀群体壳高对体质量的决定系数最大,壳长对软体质量的决定系数最大,其他3个F1代群体形态性状对体质量和软体质量决定系数最大的也均是壳宽.[结论]不同地理群体合浦珠母贝双列杂交子代数量性状中软体质量最具选择潜力.在只考虑形态性状选育时,SY♂×SY♀群体以体质量为选育目标时应选择壳高,以软体质量为选育目标时则应选择壳长,同时加强对壳高的选择;其他3个F1代群体在以体质量或软体质量为选育目标时均应选择壳宽.     

猪miR-124靶向IQGAP2调节巨噬细胞内沙门氏菌的增殖

[目的]明确猪miR-124与其靶基因IQGAP2间的表达调控关系,以及miR-124表达水平与猪巨噬细胞内沙门氏菌数量的关联,为揭示沙门氏菌在感染细胞内存活与增殖的机制提供理论依据.[方法]通过荧光素酶报告基因系统验证miR-124与IQGAP2基因的作用位点;再以GM-CSF诱导的猪巨噬细胞和鼠伤寒沙门氏菌(ATCC 14028)为试验材料,通过实时荧光定量PCR和流式细胞术测定沙门氏菌感染猪巨噬细胞中miR-124和IQGAP2基因的表达及巨噬细胞内沙门氏菌的增殖情况.[结果]miR-124结合位点野生型载体转染的荧光报告信号显著低于miR-124结合位点突变载体(P<0.05,下同),但共转染anti-miR-124序列后能显著增强miR-124结合位点野生型载体的荧光报告信号.经沙门氏菌感染后,猪巨噬细胞中的miR-124表达被激活,感染12、24和48 h后的相对表达量均显著高于沙门氏菌感染前(0 h),而IQGAP2基因表达水平呈显著下调趋势;在沙门氏菌感染猪巨噬细胞内,miR-124表达水平与IQGAP2基因表达水平呈明显负相关(r=-0.92).miR-124高表达组细胞内的沙门氏菌数量显著高于正常巨噬细胞,但miR-124敲低表达组细胞内的沙门氏菌数量显著低于正常巨噬细胞;IQGAP2基因敲低表达组细胞内的沙门氏菌数量显著高于正常巨噬细胞;此外,miR-124高表达+IQGAP2基因敲低表达组细胞内的沙门氏菌数量与IQGAP2基因敲低表达处理组相比无显著差异(P>0.05),但显著高于miR-124高表达组细胞.[结论]沙门氏菌感染猪巨噬细胞中的miR-124表达水平与IQGAP2基因表达水平及胞内沙门氏菌数量呈负相关,即沙门氏菌可通过上调miR-124表达靶向抑制IQGAP2基因表达,从而调节其在猪巨噬细胞内的增殖.     

冬季3种高绿量道路防护林对PM2.5的消减作用

[目的]明确不同道路防护林对PM2.5的消减作用及其与主要气象因子的相关性,为筛选消减能力较强的道路防护林结构提供科学依据.[方法]以冬季苏北地区绿量较高的3种道路防护林[常绿针叶雪松(Cedrus deodara)纯林、常绿阔叶香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)纯林及垂柳(Salix babylonica)与龙柏(Sabina chinensis)混交林]为研究对象,连续监测防护林距道路不同林带宽度(10、20、30、40、50和60 m)处的PM2.5浓度、温度、相对湿度、风速及光照强度,以防护林与城市主干道边缘的交接处(0 m)为参照,分析不同道路防护林对PM2.5的消减作用及其与主要气象因子的相关性.[结果]3种道路防护林不同林带宽度的PM2.5浓度日变化规律均呈午间高、早晚低的特征;对应的PM2.5浓度均值分别在106~131、100~125和100~127μg/m3,均超出GB 3095—2012《环境空气质量标准》中的二级浓度标准(PM2.5二级浓度标准限值为75μg/m3),说明监测期间3种道路防护林的PM2.5污染较严重.3种道路防护林对PM2.5的消减率均值排序为雪松纯林(8.09%)>香樟纯林(4.54%)>垂柳与龙柏混交林(1.82%).其中,雪松纯林对PM2.5的消减率随着林带宽度的增加逐步上升;香樟纯林除了在林带宽度20~30 m处的PM2.5消减率略有下降外,其消减率也随着林带宽度的增加呈上升趋势;垂柳与龙柏混交林的PM2.5消减率较低,且随着林带宽度的增加其消减率出现明显起伏变化,但整体上呈下降趋势.3种道路防护林的PM2.5消减率与温度呈极显著正相关(P<0.01,下同),与相对湿度呈极显著负相关;对应线性回归方程分别为y=0.484x+0.654(R2=0.175)和y=-0.095x+11.682(R2=0.377).[结论]雪松纯林对PM2.5的消减能力较强,可作为强滞尘能力防护林带选用;而垂柳与龙柏混交林在林带宽度0~20 m处的PM2.5消减作用较明显,可作为道路边缘绿化带选用.     

东方山羊豆种质资源ISSR分析

[目的]分析东方山羊豆种质资源遗传多样性,为其种质资源鉴定评价、新品种选育及开发利用提供理论参考.[方法]以4份引进东方山羊豆种质及其29份杂交后代为材料,利用ISSR引物对其进行多态性扩增,并以PopGene 32计算其遗传参数,采用NTsys-pc 2.1计算遗传相似系数,运用SHAN模型中的非加权配对算术平均法(UPGMA)绘制聚类树状图.[结果]从24条ISSR引物中筛选出8条扩增条带清晰、多态性良好且易扩增的引物,利用其从33份东方山羊豆种质材料中共扩增出79条条带,其中65条具有多态性,多态百分率为82.15%;观察等位基因数(Na)为1.6667~2.0000,平均为1.8215,有效等位基因数(Ne)为1.2212~1.5740,平均为1.4242;Nei'基因多样性指数(H)为0.1521~0.3322,平均为0.2509,Shannon多态信息指数(I)为0.2473~0.4976,平均为0.3813.这些种质材料遗传相似系数为0.5696~0.9241,平均为0.7623,在0.7140处可划分为三大类群(Ⅰ~Ⅲ),分别包含25、3和5份种质材料,不同地理来源种质相互混杂分布.[结论]东方山羊豆遗传多样性较丰富,其中第Ⅱ类群和第Ⅲ类群遗传多样性较第Ⅰ类群更丰富,具有优良亲本基因源选择的潜力,可作为东方山羊豆不同亲本选配和杂种优势加以利用.     

企鹅珍珠贝F3选育系的珍珠层颜色及生长性状的比较分析

[目的]评价企鹅珍珠贝金唇选育系和白唇选育系的育种性能,为企鹅珍珠贝良种选育及优质珍珠培育提供参考依据.[方法]以海南(H)和广西(G)群体的金唇(J)、白唇(B)选育群体F2为亲本,构建4个自繁选育系(J-HH、J-GG、B-HH和B-GG)和2个杂交选育系(B-HG和J-GH),观察并统计6个F3选育系的珍珠层边缘颜色变异情况,综合比较6个F3选育系的生长性能及珍珠层颜色差异,并比较金唇选育系和白唇选育系左右壳及不同测量位点颜色的差异.[结果]3个金唇选育系群体的贝壳珍珠层颜色变异率为0,3个白唇选育系群体的贝壳珍珠层颜色变异率为2.0%~5.5%,表明白唇表型相对于金唇表型为显性.金唇选育系左壳较右壳颜色更亮、偏黄红、鲜艳,其色差为2.77;白唇选育系右壳较左壳颜色暗、偏蓝绿,其色差为6.01.不论是金唇选育系还是白唇选育系,都是下测量位点比上测量位点颜色更暗、偏蓝绿,但同壳两测量位点的颜色差异较小.3个金唇选育系群体的体质量均显著大于3个白唇选育系群体(P<0.05,下同),金唇选育系与白唇选育系的贝壳珍珠层边缘颜色参数(L*、a*、b*、C*和ho)均存在显著差异.在金唇选育系中,J-HH选育系生长性状及贝壳珍珠层颜色的综合评价值(Pi)均最高,分别为0.390和0.415;在白唇选育系中,B-HH选育系生长性状及贝壳珍珠层颜色的综合评价值(Pi)均最高,分别为0.108和0.722.[结论]6个企鹅珍珠贝F3选育系的生长性能和珍珠层颜色均存在显著差异,其中,J-HH选育系可作为生长和金唇协同选育的最佳选育系,B-HH选育系可作为生长和白唇协同选育的最佳选育系.     

湖北和广西辣椒脉斑驳病毒的检测及 遗传多样性分析

[目的]研究辣椒脉斑驳病毒(Pepper veinal mottle virus,PVMV)的分布及遗传变异,为明确该病毒在我国的流行扩散分子机制提供理论依据.[方法]利用特异性引物反转录PCR(RT-PCR)检测从湖北宜昌及广西南宁和百色采集的48份疑似感染PVMV的辣椒样本;采用常规Sanger测序测定PCR产物序列,序列采用MEGA 5.0构建系统发育进化树,采用RDP等算法分析其可能的重组事件;采用DnaSP v5分析病毒株系不同群体之间的基因流及基因差异.[结果]从48份辣椒样本中检测到5份样本被PVMV侵染,检出率10.42%.基因同源性比对分析结果表明,测定的PVMV湖北和广西分离物CP基因序列同源性在97.00%以上,与其他地区分离物的同源性为91.73%~98.78%.系统发育分析表明,湖北(YC)和广西(NN)PVMV分离物与我国台湾PVMV分离物的亲缘关系最近.重组分析表明,PVMV广西分离物NN10有2个重组事件.[结论]湖北和广西辣椒的PVMV检测结果表明,该病毒已扩散至湖北和广西;基因突变可能是PVMV湖北分离物遗传变异的主要方式之一;而基因重组和基因突变可能是PVMV广西分离物遗传变异的重要因子.     

Long-term fertilization leads to specific PLFA finger-prints in Chinese Hapludults soil

Soil microbes play essential roles in the biogeochemical processes of organic carbon and nutrient cycling. Many studies have reported various short-term effects of fertilization on soil microbes. However, less is known about the effects of longterm fertilization regimes on the rhizosphere. Therefore, the objective of this study was to explore how the soil microbial communities in the rhizosphere respond to different long-term fertilization strategies. Based on a 21-year field treatment experiment in Guizhou, China, we extracted phospholipid fatty acids(PLFAs) to determine the microbial community structure in both the non-rhizosphere(NR) and rhizosphere(R). Six treatments were included: no fertilizer(CK), mineral nitrogen fertilizer(N), N with potassium(NK), phosphorus with K(PK), NPK, and NPK combined with manure(MNPK). The results showed that total PLFAs under unbalanced mineral fertilization(N, NK and PK) were decreased by 45% on average in the NR compared with CK, whereas MNPK increased fungi and G~– bacteria abundance significantly in both the NR(by 33 and 23%) and R(by 15 and 20%), respectively. In addition, all microbial groups in the R under these treatments(N, NK and PK) were significantly increased relative to those in the NR, except for the ratio of F/B and G~+/G~–, which might be due to the high nutrient availability in the R. Soil pH and SOC significantly regulated the soil microbial community and structure, explaining 51 and 20% of the variation in the NR, respectively. However, the rhizosphere microbial community structure was only significantly affected by soil pH(31%). We concluded that the soil microbial community in the NR was more strongly affected by long-term fertilization than that in the R due to the rhizosphere effect in the agricultural ecosystem. Rhizosphere nutrient conditions and buffering capacity could help microbial communities resist the change from the long-term fertilization.     

Effect of three insect-resistant maizes expressing Cry1Ie,Cry1Ab/Cry2Aj and Cry1Ab on the growth and development of armyworm Mythimna separata(Walker)

Three transgenic maize events(IE09 S034, Shuangkang 12–5 and C0030.3.5) produced Cry1 Ie, Cry1 Ab/Cry2 Aj and G10-EPSPS, Cry1 Ab and EPSPS, respectively, all of which target the Asian corn borer. The oriental armyworm Mythimna separata(Walker) is the secondary target. In this study, the effects of the three Bt maizes on the development and survival of armyworm were studied. The results showed that IE09 S034 had insecticidal activity against 1 st instar larvae, and the survival rate of armyworm fed with Bt maize for 10 days was 46.2%, significantly lower than that of the control. The larvae at 3 rd–6 th instar were more tolerant of the Bt toxin than the early instar larvae. However, Shuangkang 12-5 had good insecticidal activity against 1 st–5 th instar larvae. The mortality was nearly 100% when the larvae were fed with Shuangkang 12-5 before 3 rd instar, and the toxin had quick-acting efficacy. This event significantly inhibited the development of armyworm; that is, the larval duration of the 3 rd and 4 th instar larvae fed with Shuangkang 12-5 was prolonged by 4.5 and 3.0 days, respectively. The pupal weight and egg number were also significantly lower than those of the control. For C0030.3.5, it could control 1 st–5 th instar larvae effectively. The mortality rates were all over 50% if 1 st–3 rd larvae were fed with this event. The pupal weight of 4 th–6 th instar larvae fed with Bt maize were only 53.9, 56.8 and 54.6%, respectively, compared to that of the control. The number of eggs laid was significantly less than the control. The results indicate that all three transgenic maize events exhibit the potential to provide effective control of early instar larvae of armyworm, which can be commercialized in future to control lepidoptera pests such as Asian corn borer and armyworm.