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11.
Xu Jun-liang Ma Lv-yi 《中国林学(英文版)》2007,9(4):251-255
In order to explore the relationship between the time processes of solar radiation and sap flow, sap flow velocity (SFV) of Platycladus orientalis and Pinus tabulaeformis, effective solar radiation (ESR) and other environmental factors were synchronously monitored for one year in the Beijing Western Mountains by using a thermal dissipation probe (TDP) system and an automatic weather station. Results showed significant differences between changes in diurnal characteristics of ESR and sap flow in sunny days during three seasons. Starting times of sap flow occurred generally 1.5–3 hours later than those of solar radiation and there were small differences between Platycladus orientalis and Pinus tabulaeformis. But peak times and stopping times of sap flow varied con-siderably with large contrasts in ESR. The duration of sap flow showed clear differences among the seasons owing to the variable rhythms of climate factors in Beijing. Fluctuation amplitude in the duration of sap flow remained relatively stable during the autumn but changed greatly during spring and summer. Changes in diurnal sap flow velocity of both Platycladus orientalis and Pinus tabu-laeformis were about 0–3 hours later than those of ESR but with the same configuration. The start of sap flow was mainly induced by the sudden intensification of ESR (sunrise effect). Seasonal models of SFV indicated that a cubic equation had the best fit. It was more practical to simulate seasonal water consumption models of trees with ESR. In further investigations, these models should be optimized. 相似文献
12.
Do multipurpose companion trees affect high value timber trees in a silvopastoral plantation system?
Establishment of native timber trees on deforested land may contribute to the livelihood of farmers, to improved ecosystem
services and to increased greenhouse gas uptake. Here, we present a new silvopastoral planting design to assess species performance
and interspecific competition or facilitation effects among native timber and multipurpose trees in Central America. Two timber
species, Tabebuia rosea and Cedrela odorata, were established in three low-density planting regimes allowing combined tree and future livestock production: (1) solitary
planting, (2) companion planting with Guazuma ulmifolia, and (3) companion planting with the nitrogen-fixing Gliricidia sepium. We quantified survival, growth and reforestation potential of the two timber species subjected to the different planting
regimes for the first 2 years after establishment. Nitrogen concentration as well as stable nitrogen and carbon isotope composition
(δ15N, δ13C) of leaves of the timber saplings were determined. T. rosea showed higher survival and better growth than C. odorata under varying environmental conditions (soil, concomitant vegetation). Performance of the timber saplings was unaffected
by either companion species. Planting regimes had no effect on foliar nitrogen concentration and δ15N of the two timber species, although δ15N values indicated nitrogen fixation activity in G. sepium trees. Planting regimes affected foliar δ13C values in T. rosea. δ13C values were significantly higher in solitarily growing individuals, suggesting lower exposition to water stress conditions
in saplings surrounded by companion species. As we found positively correlated growth traits among timber and multipurpose
trees, a combined planting may benefit farmers by providing additional goods and services. 相似文献
13.
Masaki Kiryu Miho Hamanaka Kayo Yoshitomi Susumu Mochizuki Kazuya Akimitsu Kenji Gomi 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2018,84(3):221-229
Plant volatile compounds, including terpenes, are known to be involved in the rice defense system. In the present analysis of a terpene synthase, OsTPS18, in rice, we found that OsTPS18 was localized in the cytoplasm and synthesized the sesquiterpenes (E)-nerolidol and (E)-β-farnesene. The amounts of (E)-nerolidol and (E)-β-farnesene increased after jasmonic acid (JA) treatment. (E)-Nerolidol had significant antibacterial activity against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). These results suggest that (E)-nerolidol plays an important role in JA-induced resistance against Xoo and that it functions as an antibacterial compound in rice. 相似文献
14.
Conservationists, managers, and land planners are faced with the difficult task of balancing many issues regarding humans
impacts on natural systems. Many of these potential impacts arise from local-scale and landscape-scale changes, but such changes
often covary, which makes it difficult to isolate and compare independent effects arising from humans. We partition multi-scale
impacts on riparian forest bird distribution in 105 patches along approximately 500 km of the Madison and Missouri Rivers,
Montana, USA. To do so, we coupled environmental information from local (within-patch), patch, and landscape scales reflecting
potential human impacts from grazing, invasive plant species, habitat loss and fragmentation, and human development with the
distribution of 28 terrestrial breeding bird species in 2004 and 2005. Variation partitioning of the influence of different
spatial scales suggested that local-scale vegetation gradients explained more unique variation in bird distribution than did
information from patch and landscape scales. Partitioning potential human impacts revealed, however, that riparian habitat
loss and fragmentation at the patch and landscape scales explained more unique variation than did local disturbances or landscape-scale
development (i.e., building density in the surrounding landscape). When distribution was correlated with human disturbance,
local-scale disturbance had more consistent impacts than other scales, with species showing consistent negative correlations
with grazing but positive correlations with invasives. We conclude that while local vegetation structure best explains bird
distribution, managers concerned with ongoing human influences in this system need to focus more on mitigating the effects
of large-scale disturbances than on more local land use issues.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
15.
Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico
and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria
(Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite
amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation.
Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured
as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions. 相似文献
16.
Mohammad Monirul Islam Eef Meerschman Timothy Saey Philippe De Smedt Ellen Van De Vijver Marc Van Meirvenne 《Precision Agriculture》2012,13(3):384-392
Every growing season, paddy fields are kept both flooded and drained for a significant period of time. As a consequence, these
soils develop distinct physico-chemical characteristics. For practical reasons, these soils are mostly sampled under dry conditions,
but the question arises how representative the results are for the wet growing conditions. Therefore, the apparent electrical
conductivity (ECa) of a 1.4 ha alluvial paddy field located in the Brahmaputra floodplain of Bangladesh was measured in both dry and wet conditions
by a sensing system using the electromagnetic induction sensor EM38, which does not require physical contact with the soil,
and compared both surveys. Due to the smooth water surface under wet conditions which ensured increased stability of the sensing
platform, the results of the survey showed considerably reduced micro-scale variability of ECa. Furthermore, the wet survey results more reliably furnished soil-related information mainly due to the absence of soil moisture
dynamics. The differences between ECa under wet and dry conditions were attributed to differences in soil texture, mainly the sand content variation having considerable
effect on soil moisture differences when flooded following drainage. Accordingly, the largest differences between ECa under wet and dry conditions were found in those parts of the field with a large sand content. Hence, the conclusion was
that an ECa survey on flooded fields has an added value to precision soil management. 相似文献
17.
Oz Barazani Einav Mayzlish-Gati Dikla Lifshitz Rivka Hadas Alexandra Keren-Keiserman Sivan Golan Tomer Faraj Alon Singer Andrey Beerman Avi Perevolotsky 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2017,64(1):1-5
The ex situ collection of the Israel Plant Gene Bank (IGB) aims to encompass the rich local flora and its genetic diversity with an emphasis on crop wild relatives. However, to properly establish a core collection, collection efforts must be prioritized and strategized. We previously classified local plant genetic resources into four priority groups that assisted in strategizing the collection activities. The following years of intensive collection activity yielded over 4200 banked accessions. However, these do not necessarily represent the distribution range of the target species for collection (TSC) and consequently, their genetic diversity. To best cover the latter, the collecting area was divided into botanical districts and the magnitude of the collection was determined according to prioritization group, e.g., a wild relative of an agricultural crop with a vast distribution range should be represented by a larger number of banked accessions than one with a smaller range. Continuous evaluation of specific needs shapes the collection scheme of the IGB to maximize collection efforts, better represent the presumed genetic diversity of TSC, and establish its core collection. 相似文献
18.
A study was conducted to assess the role and effectiveness of community organisers in supporting the development of people’s
organisations in achieving community-based forest management objectives in Leyte Province Philippines. Community organisers
were found to be effective in forming people’s organisations (POs), motivating people to participate in voluntary activities
organised by POs and encouraging cohesiveness among PO members. Community organisers manage to raise the level of environmental
awareness and knowledge of members of people’s organisations, develop leadership interest and skills, create various livelihood
opportunities and provide direction and facilitate the establishment of large tree plantations. However, the short duration
of community organisers’ contracts (typically two years) is insufficient to establish mature and cohesive POs prepared to
assume management on their own, including the management of tree plantations. Further, lack of training and funding support,
low wages, delayed payment of salaries and limited time to work with people’s organisations, as well as the pressure to produce
tangible outputs such the establishment of large tree plantations, prevents them from placing greater emphasis on the development
and empowerment of the people. 相似文献
19.
Low-input farming is an alternative production system that provides a great opportunity to disentangle the natural mechanisms regulating crop pests, since neither pests nor their natural enemies are disrupted by pesticides. Here, we use a key apple pest in Europe, the apple blossom weevil (Anthonomus pomorum), as a model case to unravel the factors driving pest infestation and its biological control in a low-input context, namely the cider apple orchards of NW Spain. We applied a holistic approach based on the complete life cycle of the pest and combined large-scale observation (23 orchards) with small-scale experimental assessment. Weevil attack (0.4–37.4% of flowers) increased with the proportion on apple trees in the immediate orchard neighbourhood and with semi-natural woody habitat in the surrounding landscape and decreased with tree distance to orchard edge and apple bloom level. Thus, the prevalence of the pest depended on the availability of the various resources required for foraging, egg-lying and overwintering. Three types of natural enemies supplied complementary pest control by preying on weevils at different stages in their life cycle: seven parasitoid species attacked immature weevils (6.4–81.5%), while the additive effects of birds and crawling arthropods were evident in terms of the removal of adult weevils (31–44%). We conclude that the effective biological control of A. pomorum can be achieved in low-input systems to maintain the pest at non-harmful levels, through combined management of the pest, its habitat and its natural enemies. 相似文献
20.
Liu Yang Shaohua Chen Meiying Hu Weining Hao Peng Geng Yanbo Zhang 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2011,47(8):917-923
A novel yeast named HQ-C-01 was isolated from activated sludge and identified as Pichia anomala based on the morphology and 18S rDNA sequence analysis. The HQ-C-01 strain degraded 95.2% of carbofuran when the insecticide
was used as the only C source and added at 50 mg/L in a mineral salts medium within 48 h. The optimal concentration, temperature,
and pH of medium for degradation of carbofuran were 50 mg/L, 30°C, and pH 7.5, respectively. Strain HQ-C-01 could also effectively
degrade other carbamate insecticides including carbaryl, indoxacarb, and fenobucarb, and the degradation rates were 99%, 85%,
and 67%, respectively. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis showed that the strain metabolized carbofuran to produce
benzofuranol as the intermediate metabolite, which was further degraded. Degradation of carbofuran added at 50 mg/kg of soil
was higher in yeast-inoculated soil than in the control. These results indicated that strain HQ-C-01 may potentially be used
in bioremediation of carbofuran-contaminated soil. 相似文献