吡唑醚菌酯/二氧化硅微球的释放行为与生物活性评价

为了对二氧化硅载药体系进行评价,以吡唑醚菌酯为模式农药,利用其与正硅酸乙酯在碱性条件下的水解缩合反应,以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)为模板剂,制备了吡唑醚菌酯/二氧化硅微球。通过扫描电子显微镜、Nicolet iS5傅里叶变换红外光谱及高效液相色谱等表征了微球的表面形态和化学结构,测定了其在水中的光解速率;并采用透析袋法探讨了该微球在不同pH值和不同温度下的缓释行为,通过菌丝生长速率法测定了该微球对稻瘟病菌的毒力,评价了其生物活性。结果表明:所制备的吡唑醚菌酯/二氧化硅微球外观形貌较为规整,粒径在0.998~1.428 μm之间,其最大载药量可达50.73%。该微球在碱性条件下的释药速率快于酸性条件下,且其释放均符合一级反应动力学方程,在中性条件下其释药符合Ritger-Peppas方程;与pH值相比,温度对其释药速率的影响较小。给药后第5天,所制备吡唑醚菌酯/二氧化硅微球的毒力与原药相近,给药后第9天,其毒力是原药的11.7倍,缓释效果显著。该吡唑醚菌酯/二氧化硅微球在紫外灯照射10 h后光解率为38.98%,明显低于吡唑醚菌酯原药的光解率(68.92%)。     

小麦黄色花叶病毒不同分离物外壳蛋白(CP)基因序列的比较分析

 核苷酸序列分析结果表明,小麦黄色花叶病毒(W YMV)不同分离物的外壳蛋白基因存在一定的差异。邓州分离物CP基因在其31~33nt处均缺失了3个核苷酸,其余分离物与潢川分离物及日本分离物长度一致,均为882nt。不同分离物CP基因核苷酸序列同源性为97.3%~98.9%,由此推导的氨基酸序列同源性为97.6%~99.3%,外壳蛋白N末端的110个氨基酸和C末端的55个氨基酸在各个分离物间是高度保守的。潢川分离物有5个氨基酸与其它5个分离物明显不同。WYMV不同分离物外壳蛋白序列分析结果进一步确认了WYMV与WSSMV为Bymovirus属的2种不同病毒。     

Sorption of isoxaflutole by five different soils varying in physical and chemical properties

Isoxaflutole is a new pre-emergence corn herbicide which controls both grass and broadleaf weeds. Experiments were performed in the laboratory to study the sorption of isoxaflutole in five different soils (Moorhead, MN; East Monroe, CO; Ellendale, MN; South Deerfield, MA; and Chelsea, MI) using the batch equilibration technique. Total initial isoxaflutole solution concentrations for each soil were 0.05, 0.15, 0.3. 0.8, 1.5, 2.0 and 4.0 mg litre⁻¹. Analysis of [ring-¹⁴C] isoxaflutole was performed using liquid scintillation counting, and sorption data were fitted with the Freundlich model. Isotherms of isoxaflutole in all the soils were non-linear as depicted by the exponent (n < 1.0), indicating differential distribution of sorption site energies in various soils. Since the isotherms were non-linear the data fit Freundlich's isotherm well, as was indicated by high values of the regression coefficient (r²). The Freundlich sorption coefficient ranged from 0.555 to 50.0 (litre ⁿmg ^l−nkg⁻¹). Multiple regression of the sorption constant, K_F against selected soil properties indicated that organic matter content was the best single predictor of isoxaflutole sorption (r² = 0.999) followed by soil pH (r² = 0.954). Clay content of the soils did not have a high correlation with K_F values (r² = 0.453), while the sorption of isoxaflutole was not influenced by the Ca²⁺ concentration in the soil solution. Isoxaflutole sorption increased with an increase in organic matter content of soils. Sorption of isoxaflutole decreased as the soil pH increased from 4.5 to 8.5, which was depicted by the reduction of K_F values. Sorption of isoxaflutole to the soils varied with differences in binding energies. At a particular net energy value (E*), the corresponding site energy distribution [F(E*)] values followed the order, Chelsea, MI > Moorhead, MN > East Monroe, CO > South Deerfield, MA > Ellendale, MN. The negative magnitude of Gibbs free energy of sorption (ΔG ^x) indicates the spontaneity of the given sorption process in the soils from Moorhead, MN; East Monroe, CO and Chelsea, MI. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

春小麦碳同位素分辨率与相关生理性状的遗传相关分析

用17份春小麦品种作为试验材料,在宁夏灌区银川测定碳同位素分辨率(△)、水分利用效率 (WUE)、灰分、比叶重、光合气体交换参数,并在方差分析显著的基础上,进行遗传、表型和环境相关分析和简单相关分析.结果表明:各性状在品种间存在显著或极显著差异 .△Gm与Sm、WUE、maL、 Ci、Gs、Ci/Ca均呈极显著正遗传相关,与开花期Pn及灌浆期Tl呈显著负遗传相关;△S m与WUE、maL、开花期气体交换参数(Ci、Gs、Ci/Ca)的遗传相关性达到极显著正相关水平,与Tl、开花期Pn的遗传相关达到极显著负相关水平,并且它们之间的遗传相关主要受遗传基因的控制,环境条件对其相关性影响较小,maL与△的显著的遗传相关,作为△的替代指标有较大的潜力,认为在灌区适合种植和培育高秆型、高碳同位素分辨率型和低温型小麦.     

基于随机方法的湖泊水质风险性分析

湖泊水环境是一个受多种不确定性因素限制、参数众多、机理十分复杂的系统,因此将存在对水环境质量破坏的潜在风险。文中以内蒙古乌梁素海为研究对象,应用随机方法对该湖泊水质存在的潜在风险进行了计算,结果表明:温度上升的5,6,7月份,乌梁素海水质超标风险率都超过了20%,按Ⅴ类标准控制的水质超标风险率在40%左右,非突发性环境风险发生的可能性很大,有机污染十分严重,该方法能较好地反映不同时期湖泊水环境质量遭到破坏的潜在风险的变化过程,为湖泊水环境风险的决策和管理工作提供参考依据。     

短花针茅荒漠草原斑块尺度物种多样性及其共存格局

阐明斑块尺度上物种共存格局,对于深入认识荒漠草原破碎化草地生物多样性的维持机理具有重要意义。按斑块的土壤生境退化程度,选取短花针茅荒漠草原3类典型群落斑块为研究对象,对比分析不同斑块的物种构成、多样性及物种间的共存关系格局。结果表明：① 斑块A属单优种短花针茅（Stipa breviflora）群落;斑块B为短花针茅+草木樨状黄耆（Astragalus melilotoides）群落;斑块C为苦豆子（Sophora alopecuroides）+老瓜头（Cynanchum komarovii）+猪毛蒿（Artemisia scoparia）群落。② 群落结构中斑块A和斑块B多样性相近,均高于无短花针茅生长的斑块C。③ 基于零模型的分析结果显示,物种共存格局的复杂性和强度为：斑块A>斑块B>斑块C,且下降趋势明显,斑块A存在的16组显著物种对中有4组为显著竞争关系,而斑块C中的物种对减少到7组,且仅存在猪毛蒿与苦豆子组显著竞争物种对。结论：表明未沙化的土壤生境斑块是荒漠草原破碎化草地生物多样性维持的一个重要前提,土壤生境的退化显著降低了斑块内部群落组织的复杂性和物种间相互作用的强度,不利于群落的自我维持。     

树干注药后吡虫啉在核桃组织中的分布动态研究

采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)测定了吡虫啉经树干注药后在核桃树体中的分布动态。结果表明,树干注药后吡虫啉在核桃树体内具有较好的传导、分布性能,其在不同组织中的含量差异较大,含量由大到小顺序为:叶片＞果皮＞果仁。吡虫啉在核桃树体内残留期较长,注药后60 d时,药剂在核桃叶片、果皮和果仁中的含量分别为0.256、0.178 和0.046 mg/kg;注药后80 d时,吡虫啉在叶片、果皮和果仁中的含量均小于0.05 mg/kg。根据吡虫啉在核桃果仁中的残留量变化动态及国外相关最大允许残留限量标准,建议在利用吡虫啉树干注药防治核桃害虫时,注药时间距核桃采收期应大于60 d。     

淡紫拟青霉菌料防治大豆胞囊线虫的后效研究

淡紫拟青霉不同菌株的培养菌料，施２２５ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，对大豆胞囊线虫不但当年有４５％～６９％的较好防效，而且第２年和第３年仍然有２２．５％～３７．７％和７．３％～２２．９％的后效，即空胞囊和被寄生的胞囊数量增加。     

A long‐term study of burning effects on a plant pathogen in tallgrass prairie

Tallgrass prairie species have evolved with regular exposure to fire. However, burning has been used as a management tool for reducing plant disease in agricultural systems, posing the question of how plant pathogens of tallgrass prairie would be affected by burning. The rust fungus Puccinia dioicae, infecting Erigeron strigosus (Asteraceae), was studied for 8 years in long‐term experiments to evaluate the effects of burning in native tallgrass prairie. This experiment also allowed evaluation of the effects of nutrient additions, although E. strigosus was rare in the plots with added nutrients in most years. Burning reduced rust severity in most years, but effects from additions of nutrients were rarely observed. There was high interannual variation in rust severity within a location, suggesting that weather may be the most important of these three abiotic factors in determining infection. An analysis of weather variables associated with disease severity found that solar radiation in the month prior to sampling was associated with severity in unburned plots; temperature approximately 2 months prior to sampling was also associated with severity in burned plots. High interannual variation also suggests that the effects of this pathogen on its host would be sporadic and difficult to study in short‐term experiments.     

雷公藤总生物碱对玉米象和赤拟谷盗的种群抑制作用

采用室内生测法研究了雷公藤总生物碱对玉米象和赤拟谷盗的种群抑制作用。结果表明,雷公藤总生物碱能显著抑制两种贮粮害虫种群的增长。雷公藤总生物碱浓度大于500mg/kg,33d时玉米象成虫死亡率高于90.83%,67d时混药饲喂的下一代（F1代）,其种群抑制率在96.70%以上;其中500mg/kg处理组存活成虫在未混药饲喂条件下,其F1代种群抑制率达80.10%。雷公藤总生物碱浓度在100-1000mg/kg范围内,对赤拟谷盗成虫无明显的致死效应,但可显著抑制其种群的增殖。当处理浓度为250mg/kg时,对赤拟谷盗的种群抑制率为54.94%;处理浓度升至500mg/kg时,种群抑制率高达98.02%。