甘薯淀粉接枝共聚高吸水树脂的合成及在种子包衣上的应用研究

以甘薯淀粉为原料,高锰酸钾为引发剂合成高吸水树脂,并研究高吸水树脂作为种子包衣剂对种子发芽率的影响.通过正交试验,探讨了引发剂浓度、催化剂浓度等因素及皂化条件对高吸水树脂吸水率的影响.研究结果表明,接枝共聚的最佳条件是:淀粉1 g,丙烯酰胺7.5 g,糊化水100 mL,催化剂1.54×10-2 mol/L,引发剂1.5×10-3 mol/L.最佳皂化条件为:氢氧化钠用量26 mL/(g单体),100℃水浴,皂化3 h.用制备的高吸水树脂做玉米种子包衣剂,初步试验结果表明可有效提高种子发芽率.     

东北农牧交错带农业生态系统结构优化生产模式

以位于东北农牧交错带的吉林省长岭县种马场为例，调查了其农业生产状况，运用线性规划模型对该地区的农业生态系统结构进行优化，提出了适合该地区的优化生产模式。经过优化设计后，农业生态系统的结构趋于合理，优化后的农业生态系统可以使1 hm²农田的纯收益达到8254.6元，是优化前(4019.96元)的2.05倍，单位面积土地承载牛的数量也明显增加。优化结果使农业生态系统的结构趋于合理，整体效益明显优于优化之前，本优化方案对该地区农业生态系统结构调整具有一定的指导作用。     

中国土壤有机碳密度和储量的估算与空间分布分析

基于 1∶40 0万的《中华人民共和国土壤图》和第二次土壤普查数据 ,运用地理信息系统技术 ,对中国土壤有机碳密度及储量做出估算 ,并且分析了土壤有机碳密度的空间分布差异。结果表明 :10 0cm深度的土壤有机碳密度介于 1 19kgm- 2 到 176 46kgm- 2 之间 ,2 0cm深度的土壤有机碳密度介于 0 2 7kgm- 2 到53 46kgm- 2 之间 ;10 0cm和 2 0cm深度的土壤有机碳储量分别为 84 4Pg (1Pg =10 15 g)和 2 7 4Pg ;土壤有机碳密度具有高度的空间变异性 ,东北地区、青藏高原的东南部、云贵高原等森林、草甸分布的地区有机碳密度最高 ,准噶尔盆地、塔里木盆地、阿拉善高原与河西走廊、柴达木盆地等沙漠化地区的土壤有机碳密度最低 ;土壤有机碳密度的空间分布主要受气候、植被以及人类活动的影响     

全程与阶段性非充分灌溉条件下水稻的生长及部分生理反应

有关水分胁迫改变水稻生长形态、组织结构与生理代谢方面的研究已有不少报道，但试验结果间颇有差异。在以往水分胁迫的植物效应研究中，往往只讨论水分胁迫处理本身对试验结果的影响，较少涉及处理前水稻生长环境的影响。至今尚未见有作物对全程和阶段性非充分灌溉反应差异的试验报道。本研究拟通过作物体对水分胁迫较为敏感的叶片水分含量、叶绿素含量和丙二醛(MDA)含量、根系活力、叶片气孔阻抗和光合速率等指标进行测定，探讨抽穗后(即阶段性)与全程非充分灌溉影响水稻产量形成的差异及其生理机制，为发展水稻节水栽培技术提供理论依据。     

土壤溶质运移参数估计图解方法

基于土壤中溶质运移的对流 弥散方程 (CDE)提出了溶质运移参数估计的图解方法。根据土柱溶质运移“穿透曲线”(BTC)数据计算通量浓度随时间变化 (dc/dt)。应用绘图软件 ,例如MicrosoftExcel,绘制出t1 5dc/dt和dc/dt相对于时间的变化曲线。这两条曲线都是单峰曲线 ,并被用于估计CDE中延迟因子(R)和弥散系数 (D0 )。设计算例和穿透实验数据被用于校正图解法估计参数的精度和稳定性。参数估计的稳定性由估计参数对它们平均值的标准差评价 ;参数的估计精度与CXTFIT法和等斜率法比较。结果表明图解法具有较高的精度和较好的稳定性 ,特别是对于运移参数R的估值。图解法是一个确定性方法 ,它具备确定性方法中估计参数唯一性特点 ,克服了统计方法中需要给定参数初值的缺点。因此 ,这个方法是土壤溶质运移参数估计的可选方法之一。     

秸秆与地膜覆盖玉米农田土壤水分时空动态变化——兼评回归等值线法的应用

利用回归等值线法对秸秆和地膜覆盖玉米农田土壤水分时空动态变化进行了分析比较。结果表明 :从 2 0 0 2年 4月 2 9日 (玉米出苗期 )至 2 0 0 3年 1月 4日的 2 5 0d内 ,对照秸秆和地膜覆盖处理下 ,在0～ 1 5 0cm土层内的土壤含水量随时间变化都呈“降低—增加”的趋势 ,随土层深度变化呈“降低—增加—降低”的趋势。土壤含水量随时间而降低阶段与玉米生育期耗水量增加阶段相吻合。对照处理最低水分区域出现提前 ,位置上升 ;地膜覆盖处理土壤含水量下降幅度最大 ,最低水分区域有明显向底层延伸的趋势 ;而秸秆覆盖处理最低水分区域土壤含水量相对最高。从玉米生育后期一直到测定结束时的翌年 1月份 ,3种覆盖处理土壤含水量都呈上升趋势 ,且以上层土壤水分增加幅度大于中、下层土壤。回归等值线法反映了土壤水分时空动态变化的基本趋势和规律 ,具有简单省时、图形简洁明了、信息量大、便于分析等特点 ,可用于土壤水分测定数据的整理和分析。     

黄土高原褐土和黑垆土剖面中Rb和Sr分布与全新世成土环境变化

对黄土高原 3个土壤剖面Rb和Sr分布规律的研究表明 ,全新世不同阶段的黄土和土壤中Rb和Sr分布存在明显的差异 ,Rb/Sr比值的变化反映了成土环境和成土作用强度的变化。全新世早期 ,气候比较温和干燥 ,风尘堆积速率降低 ,土壤发育表现为边沉积边成土 ;全新世中期 ,气候温暖湿润 ,沙尘暴很少发生 ,风尘堆积速率极低 ,生物风化成土作用达到最强 ,以至于在黄土高原面发育黑垆土 ,在关中盆地形成褐土。到了 3 10 0多年前 ,气候恶化变干 ,风尘堆积速率加快 ,土壤严重退化。从区域上看 ,冬季风对黄土高原南部的环境效应比夏季风对北部的环境效应要强 ;黄土高原南部季风场强的变化较北部大。     

Recovery of cover-crop-N in the soil-plant system in the Guinea savannah zone of Ghana

In order to understand the efficiency of residue-N use and to estimate the minimum input required to obtain a reasonable level of crop response, it is important to quantify the fate of the applied organic-N. The recovery of N from ¹⁵N-labelled Crotalaria juncea was followed in the soil and the succeeding maize crop. Apparent N recovery (ANR) by maize from unlabelled Crotalaria juncea, Crotalaria retusa, Calopogonium mucunoides, Mucuna pruriens and mineral fertilizer at three locations were also evaluated. The maize crop recovered 4.7% and 7.3% of the ¹⁵N-labelled C. juncea-N at 42 days after sowing (DAS) and at final harvest, respectively. The corresponding ¹⁵N recovery from the soil was 92.4% and 58.5%. The highest mean ANR of 57.4% was with mineral fertilizer, whereas the mean ANR of 14.3% from C. retusa was the lowest. A large pool substitution and added-N interaction effect was observed when comparing N recovery from the labelled and unlabelled C. juncea. The amount of residue-N accounted for by the isotope dilution method at 42 DAS was 97.1% and at final harvest 65.8%. The large residue-N recovery in the soil organic-N pool explains the residual effect usually observed with organic residue application.     

Nitrogen and carbon mineralisation of leather meal in soil as affected by particle size of fertiliser and microbiological activity of soil

Carbon and nitrogen mineralisation of leather meal fertilisers were studied in two soils characterised by different respiration activity. Both C and N mineralisation were highest in the most active soil, and when leather meal was added as a powder rather than as 2- to 4- and 4- to 6-mm particles. Fast and slow soluble N pools were determined after extraction with cold water and with hot buffer, respectively. The N remaining after the second extraction with hot buffer was named slow-release N. The percentage of slow-release N rose as the size of the applied leather meal particles increased, whereas fast soluble N was highest in the coarsest (4-6 mm) fertiliser.     

Chitosan as an edible invisible film for quality preservation of herring and atlantic cod

The effect of chitosan with different molecular weights as coatings for shelf-life extension of fresh fillets of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and herring (Clupea harengus) was evaluated over a 12-day storage at refrigerated temperature (4 +/- 1 degrees C). Three chitosan preparations from snow crab (Chinoecetes opilio) processing wastes, differing in viscosities and molecular weights, were prepared; their apparent viscosities (360, 57, and 14 cP) depended on the deacetylation time (4, 10, and 20 h, respectively) of the chitin precursor. Upon coating with chitosans, a significant (p < or = 0.05) reduction in relative moisture losses of 37, 29, 29, 40, and 32% was observed for cod samples coated with 360 cP chitosan after 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 days of storage, respectively. Chitosan coating significantly (p < or = 0.05) reduced lipid oxidation as displayed in peroxide value, conjugated dienes, 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and headspace volatiles, chemical spoilage as reflected in total volatile basic nitrogen, trimethylamine, and hypoxanthine, and growth of microorganisms as reflected in total plate count in both fish model systems compared to uncoated samples. The preservative efficacy and the viscosity of chitosan were inter-related; the efficacy of chitosans with viscosities of 57 and 360 cP was superior to that of chitosan with a 14 cP viscosity. Thus, chitosan as edible coating would enhance the quality of seafoods during storage.