Efficiency of the geomorphologic instantaneous unit hydrograph method in flood hydrograph simulation

Several methods and models to simulate rainfall-runoff processes have been presented, and each of them has its own advantages and disadvantages. In the present study, different methods were applied to simulate the rainfall–runoff process over the Kasilian Watershed located in northern Iran, including Snyder, SCS, Trianglar, Rosso and Geomorphoclimatic unit hydrographs. The study was intended to compare the accuracy and reliability of a geomorphologic model with Snyder, SCS, Trianglar, Rosso and Geomorphoclimatic Unit hydrographs. In addition, this study attempted to determine the shape and dimensions of outlet runoff hydrographs in a 68.8 km² area in the Kasilian Basin, which is located in the Mazandaran Province of Iran. The first twenty-one equivalent rainfall–runoff events were selected, and a hydrograph of outlet runoff was calculated for each. The peak time and peak flow of outlet runoff in the models were then compared, and the model that most efficiently estimated hydrograph of outlet flow for similar regions was determined. The comparison of calculated and observed hydrographs showed that the geomorphologic model had the most direct agreement for the parameters of peak time and peak flow of direct runoff. Statistical analyses of the models demonstrated that the geomorphological model had the smallest main relative and square error. The study's results confirm the high efficiency of the Geomorphoclimatic Unit Hydrograph and its ability to increase simulation accuracy for runoff and hydrographs.     

Molecular characterization of a 13-amino acid deletion in VP1 (1D) protein and novel amino acid substitutions in 3D polymerase protein of foot and mouth disease virus subtype A/Iran87

The nucleotide sequence of the VP1 (1D) and partial 3D polymerase (3D^pol) coding regions of the foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) vaccine strain A/Iran87, a highly passaged isolate (~150 passages), was determined and aligned with previously published FMDV serotype A sequences. Overall analysis of the amino acid substitutions revealed that the partial 3D^pol coding region contained four amino acid alterations. Amino acid sequence comparison of the VP1 coding region of the field isolates revealed deletions in the highly passaged Iranian isolate (A/Iran87). The prominent G-H loop of the FMDV VP1 protein contains the conserved arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) tripeptide, which is a well-known ligand for a specific cell surface integrin. Despite losing the RGD sequence of the VP1 protein and an Asp₂₆→Glu substitution in a beta sheet located within a small groove of the 3D^pol protein, the virus grew in BHK 21 suspension cell cultures. Since this strain has been used as a vaccine strain, it may be inferred that the RGD deletion has no critical role in virus attachment to the cell during the initiation of infection. It is probable that this FMDV subtype can utilize other pathways for cell attachment.     

Full-genome characterization and genetic analysis of a H9N2 virus in commercial broilers in Iran, 2017

Tropical Animal Health and Production - Since 1998, Iran’s poultry industry has faced several outbreaks of low pathogenic avian influenza H9N2. Tissue samples were collected from a broiler...     

Influence of idebenone on ram semen quality stored at 4°C

The current study was designed to investigate the effect of idebenone (Id), an antioxidant on ram semen quality. Semen samples were collected, pooled and diluted in a Tris‐based extender supplemented with 0, 1, 2, 4 and 8 µM idebenone. Computer‐assisted sperm analysis was used to evaluate spermatozoa kinematics. Sperm viability and membrane functionality were assessed respectively, by eosin‐nigrosin staining and HOS test. Biochemical assays were carried out to measure different metabolites in spermatozoa and medium at 0, 24, 48 and 72 hr. Total and forward progressive motility were greater in 1, 2 and 4 µM idebenone treated groups compared to control at 24, 48 and 72 hr time points (p < 0.05). Semen supplementation with Id significantly increased viability and functionality of spermatozoa membrane during storage (p < 0.05). Lower amounts of lipid hydroperoxides in medium and spermatozoa were observed in Id‐treated groups compared to control one at 24 and 48 hr of storage (p < 0.05). Medium and spermatozoa amounts of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide were less in Id 4 µM group compared to the control at 72 hr (p < 0.05). Total antioxidant capacity values and superoxide dismutase activity of spermatozoa and medium were greater in 2 and 4 µM idebenone treated groups in comparison with the control at 72 hr (p < 0.05). Results of the current study indicated that ram semen supplementation with Id at 4 µM level improved quality by ameliorating nitrosative and peroxidative stress, hence could be considered as an antioxidant additive during storage at 4°C.     

Effects of drought stress and rewatering on antioxidant systems and relative water content in different growth stages of maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids

Drought is a problem of the expanding universe which seriously influences crop production and quality. Approximately one-third of the cultivated area of the world suffers from constantly inadequate supplies of water. The present study aimed to determine the effects of drought and rewatering on activities of antioxidant enzymes, chlorophyll, proline, and relative water contents (RWC). In this experiment, six maize hybrids (Sc260, Sc370, Sc500, Sc647, Sc700, and Sc704) were examined in a pot study during the maize-growing season of 2011. Results indicated that the growth of hybrids was retarded under drought stress conditions and regained growth speed during rewatering. RWC, chlorophyll, and carotenoid contents were markedly decreased by the water deficit and reached normal values during rewatering in Sc647, Sc704, and Sc700. Our findings also indicated significantly higher activity levels of peroxidase and catalase and proline content in water-stressed plants than in well-watered plants, which decreased when the plants were rewatered, showing an inverse relationship to gluthatione reductase activity. According to the results, the better upregulation of the protective mechanism in Sc704 and Sc647 probably induced higher drought resistance. We concluded that antioxidant enzyme activity could provide a useful tool for depicting drought tolerance in maize hybrids in arid and semiarid regions.     

The effects of biological,chemical, and organic fertilizers application on root growth features and grain yield of Sorghum

Abstract

To investigate the effect of some biological and chemical fertilizers on the root physiological and growth indexes and also Sorghum grain yield, this study was carried out in randomized complete block design with three replicates. The treatments of the study included (1) arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae?+?vermicompost, (2) mycorrhiza fungus?+?Nitroxin, (3) mycorrhiza fungus+ Rhizobium sp., (4) mycorrhiza fungus?+?NPK chemical fertilizer (40-40-20), (5) mycorrhiza fungus, and (6) control treatment. The highest root colonization rate and specific root length were observed in the co-inoculation with mycorrhiza?+?Nitroxin treatment. The other root growth parameters were observed at the mycorrhiza?+?vermicompost treatment. Also the highest rate of Sorghum physiological growth indexes root such as root area index and net assimilation rate were belonged to the co-inoculation of mycorrhiza?+?Nitroxin treatment. The highest root growth rate and root relative growth rate were obtained in the mycorrhiza?+?vermicompost treatment. So it can be concluded that biological fertilizers can be used as an appropriate alternative for chemical fertilizers in sustainable agriculture system.     

Schwannoma of the External Auditory Canal in a Filly: A Case Report

Schwannomas of the external auditory canal (EAC) are exceedingly rare in human beings and domestic animals. Herein we describe the clinicopathological and immunohistochemical features of a benign schwannoma arising in the EAC of a 2.5-year-old filly. Microscopically, the mass showed a spindle cell tumor composed of hypocellular Antoni type B areas as a myxomatous arrangement of mesenchymal cells and hypercellular Antoni type A areas displaying short fascicles of densely packed neoplastic cells in the collagenous stroma. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were diffusely positive for S100 protein and vimentin but negative for Ki67. It was concluded that schwannomas should be included in the differential diagnosis of EAC masses, and immunohistochemical markers such as S100 protein can strongly help in differentiating this tumor from other spindle cell tumors.     

Die Einwirkung von Insektiziden auf die neurosekretorischen Zellen vonPemphigus bursarius L. (Aphidina)

Zusammenfassung Die histologischen Veränderungen nach der Anwendung der drei Insektizide, E 605, Systox und Plantaced, ergaben für die neurosekretorischen Zellen keine gleichartigen Veränderungen, vielmehr verhielten sich die verschiedenen Generationen in den untersuchten Entwicklungsphasen verschieden.Bei der Fundatrix traten eine Aufblähung des Plasmas und nekrotische Veränderung der Zellkörper sowie deutliche Volumenzunahme der Zellkerne bis zu ca. 78 ³ auf. Die NSZ zeigten abgeschwächte Färbbarkeit.Bei den geflügelten Nachkommen der Fundatrix wurden riesengroße NSZ beobachtet; das Volumen der Zellkerne war bis zu ca. 268 ³ gestiegen.Bei den Salatwurzelläusen konnten nach der Behandlung mit den genannten Insektiziden im Unterschlundganglion keine NSZ beobachtet werden. Eine starke Volumenabnahme der Zellkerne wurde, von ca. 268 ³ auf 50 ³ festgestellt. Nekrotische Veränderung der Zellkerne und Fragmentation (Karyorrhexis) des Chromatins waren nachweisbar. Der Unterschied im Verhalten der NSZ der Wurzelläuse im Vergleich zu den anderen Generationen ist vielleicht dadurch bedingt, daß die Wirkung der Insektizide im Boden anders ist.Bei den Sexuparae zeigte das Zellchromatin nach der Begiftung eine Pyknose, was schließlich zu einer Degeneration des Kernes führte. Außerdem trat eine Volumenzunahme des Nucleolus auf.Bei den Weibchen der zweigeschlechtlichen Generation war eine Veränderung der Kerne durch Schwellung zu beobachten, die mit großem Verlust der Färbbarkeit einherging.Bei den Männchen mit Flügelanlagen schließlich trat bei den Zellkernen der NSZ eine Volumenzunahme ein, jedoch zeigten die Nucleoli keine Vergrößerung. Am Zellchromatin war beginnende Pyknose zu bemerken. Beachtenswert war die wenig veränderte Gesamtanzahl der NSZ trotz Insektizideinwirkung. Die Prüfung mit dem t-Test ergab, daß die festgestellte Differenz zwischen den Mittelwerten normaler und behandelter Tiere nicht signifikant war.

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Summary Histological experiments have been performed on the neurosecretory system of various generations of the poplarlousePemphigus bursarius (L.), after injection of various phosphor-acid-ester insecticides (E 605, Systox and Plantaced), in sublethal doeses.After poisoning the nuclei of the neurosecretory cells of both the fundatrix and flying generations, became very distinct, increasing in volume until finally the chromophobic could be observed. On the contrary after poisoning the lettuce-root generation, the nuclei appeared to decrease in volume from the approximately 267 ³ down to 50 ³, and nekrosis was observed.The degree to which the different insecticides effected the nuclei of the Sexuparae generation has been examined and pyknosis has been observed, culminating in the degeneration of cell nucleus material.Progressive intoxication in females of the sexual generation caused the chromatine of the nuclei to lose its distinctive colouring, whilst in males similar intoxication caused the onset of pyknosis. In these circumstances it was not possible to observe any enlargement of nucleoli.In all generations the number of active neurosecretory cells in the different parts of the nervous system decreased after poisoning. No significant difference in the total number of neurosecretory cells present in the fundatrix generation and the males of the sexual generation was found.

     

Verhalten der Mycetomzellen nach Insectizid-Einwirkung beiPemphigus bursarius L. (Aphidina)

Zusammenfassung Das Mycetom der Pappel-BlattlausPemphigus bursarius L. wurde lichtmikroskopisch untersucht.Bei allen Generationen trat nach der Behandlung mit verschiedenen Phosphorsäureester-lnsectiziden (E 605, Systox, Plantaced) in sublethaler Dosis zunächst eine Auflockerung im Plasma der in den Mycetomzellen gelagerten Symbionten auf, später zeigte sich eine Auflösung der Zellwand der Mycetomzellen und eine dadurch bedingte Zerstreuung der Symbionten. Schließlich war bei den Nymphen und der geflügelten Generation Chromatolyse und Pyknose der Kerne der Mycetomzellen zu beobachten. Bei den Embryonen der verschiedenen lebendgebärenden Generationen konnte keine Gifteinwirkung bei den Mycetomzellen festgestellt werden. Das bedeutet, daß trotz starker Schädigung der Muttertiere, das Gift nicht bis zu den Embryonen vordringen konnte.Über die Durchlässigkeit der Uteruswandung konnten bislang noch keine Untersuchungen durchgeführt werden, so daß über die Ursachen der Unversehrtheit der Embryonen zunächst nichts ausgesagt werden kann.

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Summary The organe-coloured mycetom of the Poplar-lousePemphigus bursarius (L.) have been examined with a light microscope. By all generations of insects appear after injektion of various phosphor-acid-ester insecticide (E 605, Systox, Plantaced), in sublethal dose, a special loosening of plasma of the mycetom-cells, and later dissolving of mycetomal covering membranes, and finally dispersion of saccharomycetes of mycetomal cells. The effectiveness of insecticides in the nymph and flying insects generation has been expressed by cell-nucleus materials. I could not see any symptoms on mycetom cell of the embryos of various generations of insects. It is to indicate that, possibly no impairment of absorption or centripetal transport of insecticide has been forwarded to the embryos, accordingly the mechanisms of this very efficient absorption and centripetal transport in the insects-uterus has not yet been carefully studied.

     

Wirkungen von Precocen I aufCulex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera,Culicidae)

Zusammenfassung Es wurden die Wirkungen von Precocen I (PI) unter Laborverhältnissen auf die frühen L4 und Puppen vonCulex quinquefasciatus bei Konzentrationen von 0,001–10,0 ppm untersucht. Das Spektrum der PI-Wirkungen schloß die Larven-und Adulten-Mortalität bei 0,1–10,0 ppm ein. Die Verpuppungs-und Adultenschlüpf-Periode wurden bei Dosen von 0,001–5,0 ppm verzögert. Auf die larvalen Nachkommen vonC. qu. wirkte sich die PI-Behandlung (0,001–10,0 ppm) in verringerter Fekundität und Eischlüpfquote, verzögerte Larvenentwicklung und schließlichem Absterben aus.

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Effects of precocene I onCulex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera, Culicidae)

The effects of precocene-I (PI) onCulex quinquefasciatus Say were studied under laboratory conditions by treating laboratory reared early 4th instar larvae and pupae with 0.001–10.0 ppm of PI. The range of PI effects included larval and adult mortalities at 0.1–10.0 ppm. Pupation and adult emergence periods were delayed at 0.001–5.0 ppm. Effects of PI were maintained to offsprings ofC. quinquefasciatus. These effects involved reduced fecundity, reduced egg hatchability and delayed larval offspring development and finally the death at 0.001–10.0 ppm of PI.

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