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91.
Our understanding of the basis to immunoglobulin formation in cattle has benefited substantially from the application of molecular biology over the past decade. It is now established that both the lambda light chain and heavy chain repertoires are founded upon the frequent expression of single gene families and subgroups of segments which are of conserved sequence. It is likely that a functional kappa locus exists in the bovine genome but this isotype comprises as few as 5% of bovine light chains. Similarly, alternative but non-expressed V(H) gene families are present posing intriguing but unresolved questions about the regulation of immunoglobulin synthesis. The heavy chain frequently bears a third complementarity-determining region which is atypically long but the processes which expand this region of the reading frame and its contribution to the interaction with antigen remain matters of speculation. Opportunities exist to map the major immunoglobulin loci and to define the membership and sequence diversity of the gene families which dominate each repertoire. However, it is already evident that cattle cannot generate significant diversity from rearrangement and junctional imprecision alone. Elucidation of the mechanism(s), dynamics and tissue distribution of immunoglobulin diversification in cattle, thus, remain key challenges in this branch of veterinary immunology.  相似文献   
92.
The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), is an important insect pest of canola, Brassica napus L., in Ardabil, Iran. Host plant resistance is an essential component of integrated management of P. xylostella. We investigated the preferences and performance of P. xylostella on nine commercial cultivars of canola, namely Zarfam, RGS003, Adder, Okapi, Opera, Hyola401, Ebonite Option500 and Elite under greenhouse conditions at 23 ± 1°C, 50 ± 5% RH and 14L:10D. In free-choice situation, oviposition was lowest on Opera (23.5) and highest on Zarfam (44.7). In the life table study, fecundity of new generation female moths was lowest on Opera (95.4) and highest on Adder (145.7). Survival from egg to adult was significantly lower on Opera, Option500 and Hyola401 than on other tested cultivars. The intrinsic rate of natural increase (r m) and population growth rate (λ) were lowest on Opera and highest on Zarfam. The generation time (T) was shortest on Zarfam (17.2 days) and longest on Hyola401 (19.9 days) whereas doubling time (DT) was longest on Opera (3.9 days) and shortest on Zarfam (3.0 days). Our results clearly suggest that Opera was the most resistant host among the tested cultivars and has the potential to be used in the integrated management of P. xylostella.  相似文献   
93.
蚕品种选育多用途化发展趋势   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
为了满足蚕桑生产发展多元化和提升改造传统蚕桑业发展需要开展的特殊用途蚕品种选育进展迅速,本文就以蚕丝生产为目的如雄蚕品种、细纤度蚕品种、粗纤度蚕品种、人工饲料育品种及广食性蚕品种、天然彩色茧蚕品种等的选育,以及非蚕丝生产为目的如吐平面丝蚕品种、吐丝胶茧蚕品种、生物反应器专用蚕品种、药食专用蚕品种等育种研究进展进行概述.  相似文献   
94.
    
The antibacterial activities of essential oils and herbal extracts have been demonstrated against a range of bacterial species. In this study, the antibacterial effects of a new combination of essential oils from the herbs Thymus vulgaris, Salvia officinalis, Eucalyptus globulus and Mentha piperita were assayed against common bacterial isolates (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeroginosa) and fifteen novel marine bacteria isolates. The sensitivity of different isolates to antibacterial activity of the essential oils was determined using well diffusion assays. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) were quantified by micro dilution assays. The data demonstrate that the combination of essential oils had potent antibacterial effects and marine bacteria were more sensitive to growth inhibition (P < 0.05). MIC rates were 0.77–6.18 mg/ml, and MBC rates were 1.67–12.30 mg/ml. This indicates that the combined essential oils (CEO) can be a new source of antibacterial agents for use in marine aquaculture.  相似文献   
95.
    
Multilayer microencapsulation of fish oil was evaluated by using fish gelatin (treated with or without microbial transglutaminase [MTGase]), chitosan, and maltodextrin for its ability to control lipid oxidation. This study showed that a mixture containing gelatin and maltodextrin obtained the highest percentage of core release. The oxidative stability of the formulated mixtures and the bulk oils was investigated during a period of 60 days. The peroxide value (PV) was assessed as a parameter for primary oxidation products, and p-anisidine (p-AV) and thiobarbituric acid reactive sub-stances (TBARS) was used to analyze secondary oxidation compounds. Observation of oxidation products showed that combinations of gelatin and maltodextrin made by adding MTGase and a mixture of gelatin and chitosan were able to increase the oxidative stability, and increases in PV and p-AV and TBARS were found for all oils.  相似文献   
96.
Phytophthora niederhauserii, P. pisi, P. sojae and P. vignae are closely related species that are pathogenic to various legume plants. While P. sojae and P. vignae are reported to specifically infect soybean and cowpea, respectively, P. pisi is reported to attack pea and faba bean. Phytophthora niederhauserii is considered to have a broad host range. Zoospores of some Phytophthora species are chemotactically attracted to the isoflavones that are secreted by their host plants. The focus of the current study was to determine the chemotaxic behaviour of zoospores from closely related legume‐root infecting Phytophthora species and to investigate the correlation, if any, to host preference as determined by greenhouse pathogenicity tests. The results showed that P. sojae and P. vignae were attracted to the non‐soybean isoflavone prunetin as well as to the soybean isoflavones genistein and daidzein, which is in contrast with their host specificity on soybean and cowpea, respectively. On the other hand, P. pisi and P. niederhauserii were only attracted to prunetin, previously reported to be produced by pea, but not to the isoflavones associated with the non‐host soybean. The lack of responsiveness to genistein and daidzein in P. pisi may represent a recent adaptation to the host specialization towards pea. However, the affinity of P. niederhauserii to prunetin shows that this trait can also be present in taxa not specifically associated with legume hosts.  相似文献   
97.
    
Ultrasonography of the liver of 181 Holstein-Friesian cows was performed and blood samples were collected for analysis. The hepatic ultrasonograms were evaluated and the echoes were analyzed digitally. After slaughter, liver specimens were taken and examined histopathologically. Of the 181 animals, 120 had a normal liver and 61 had hydropic degeneration of the liver, diagnosed through histopathologic examination. Diagnostic accuracy rates for hydropic degeneration were determined based on the following test positive conditions: a) for biochemical analysis—high levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, total bilirubin and non-esterified fatty acids; b) for ultrasonography—presence of dark pattern and blurring of edges; and c) for digital analysis—low echo means at 1 cm and 3 cm from the hepatic surface. Digital analysis had the highest overall specificity, accuracy and positive predictive values for hydropic degeneration, followed by ultrasonography. The results suggest that ultrasonography and digital analysis of hepatic ultrasonograms can be used for diagnosis of hydropic degeneration of the liver in place of biochemical analysis.  相似文献   
98.
    
A three-year-old horse was admitted to the Tehran Veterinary faculty teaching hospital with colic symptoms. The horse died with severe pain after two hours. Necropsy findings revealed a heavy worm infestation in the stomach. Parasitological examinations identified massive in vasion of Habronema muscae on the stomach mucosal surface and Draschia megastoma in the deep layer of mucosa and muscles.Histopathological sections showed two separate lesions including diffuse infiltration of mononuclear inflammatory cells with a number of eosinophils in the mucosa and submucosa that suggested eosinophilic gastritis. Another finding was a large granulation mass in the deep layer of the submucosa that contained granulomatous necrotic tissue and cross sections of D. megastoma.  相似文献   
99.
    
Background: The protein of Niemann-pick type C1 (NPC1) gene promotes the egress of cholesterol from late endosomes and lysosomes to other cellular compartments and contributes to a process known as reverse cholesterol transport. This study aimed to examine whether promoter methylation of NPC1 is associated with risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Methods: Fifty CVD patients and 50 healthy subjects as the control group were recruited in this study. Promoter methylation of NPC1 gene was defined using a nested-methylation specific polymerase chain reaction method. Statistical analyses were done using the chi-square, t-test or ANOVA tests. Results: Our study showed that the frequency of semi-methylated promoter (methylated/unmethylated status) was significantly higher in CVD patients than that in controls (OR = 6.521, 95% CI = 2.211-19.215, P = 0.008). However, a completely methylated promoter (methylated/methylated status) was not detected in any subjects in either of the two groups tested. Additionally, the analysis of clinical data according to the methylation status of NPC1 gene demonstrated that serum levels of total cholesterol, total triglycerides, high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) are influenced by NPC1 methylation, so that subjects with a completely unmethylated promoter (Unmethylated/unmethylated status) held lower levels of total triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-C and higher levels of HDL-C. Conclusion: Our findings propose that the NPC1 promoter methylation is a probable mechanism that can result in reduced/impaired NPC1 expression/activity and may thus contribute to progression of CVD. Key Words: Niemann-pick type C1 (NPC1), Promoter methylation, cardiovascular disease  相似文献   
100.
    
In this study, cotton/nylon blended fabrics were treated with atmospheric air plasma at various times (30–60 s) and were subsequently printed with pastes containing carbon black nanoparticles. Properties of plasma treated fabrics such as visible-near infrared (Vis-NIR) reflectance, water contact angle, air permeability, and color fastness were measured. It was shown that increasing plasma treatment time decreases reflection level of treated fabrics in Vis-NIR region. Plasma treatment also enhanced the hydrophobicity of cotton/nylon fabrics observed by an increase in water contact angle. Plasma treated samples for 60 s demonstrated lower air permeability than those treated for 30 s. Furthermore, printed samples possessed acceptable levels of fastness against washing, light and crocking.  相似文献   
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