农业产业化发展中存在的问题与对策

农业产业化 ,是以国内外市场为导向 ,以提高经济效益为中心 ,按照市场牵龙头、龙头带基地、基地连农户的形式 ,优化组合各种生产要素 ;对农业或农村经济的主导产业或重点产品 ,实行区域化布局、专业化生产、系列化加工、一体化经营、社会化服务、企业化管理 ,逐步形成种养加、产供销、贸工农、经科教一体化的生产经营体系 ,使农业走上自我发展、自我调节的良性发展轨道 ,推进农业现代化进程。通过实践 ,我们发现农业产业化发展中存在的主要问题有 :第一 ,各地发展不平衡 ,总体水平不高。第二 ,区域间产业结构趋同现象较为严重。第三 ,运行机…     

生物钾肥不同施用方法对冬小麦生长发育及产量效应的分析

本文根据硅酸盐菌剂即生物钾肥具有分解和氧化土壤硅酸盐矿物，破坏矿物晶体构造，转化土壤中无效钾的机能，于１９９２～１９９４年进行了生物钾肥对冬小麦生长发育与产量效应的试验研究。探讨出以播前拌种返青沟施是促使小麦促根、增蘖、抗寒、抗干热风、增穗、增粒、增重，提高缺钾麦田再创高产的重要途径。     

内蒙古河套灌区碱荒地物理性质及治理效果的研究

本文简述了内蒙古河套灌区自然概况，盐碱化演变过程和碱荒地的改良现状。着重说明了碱荒地物理性质和经过治理后的改善情况。     

施肥方法对烤烟氮磷钾利用率及产量品质的影响

1991年在零陵、郴州烟区采用田间试验研究了肥料深施与浇施及基肥与追肥分配比例对烤烟氮、磷、钾利用率及产量品质的影响.结果表明,以氮、钾肥全作追肥浇施处理,肥料利用率,烟叶产量及产值最高,品质也较好;20%氮、钾作追肥深施,80%作追肥浇施处理次之;而将氮、钾肥及有机肥全部深施处理的效果较差.     

生殖激素诱导母牛双胎效果及机理研究

用生殖激素（PMSG和纯化的FSH）诱导母牛双胎进行了试验研究。PMSG处理组：选产后50d以上12头参试母牛，按其发情顺序随机分成3个组，每组4头牛，3组牛在发情周期的第10d分别各肌注PMSG2000IU，1650IU，1350IU，间隔48h再肌注氯前列烯醇2支（4mL），发情后按常规进行人工授精，同时再肌注与PMSG等量的抗PMSG，间隔12h再输精1次。上述3组牛每组随机选2头牛在输第一次精的同时肌注LRH－A_3200μg，以比较其对双胎率有无影响。纯化FSH处理组：选产后50d以上的6头参试母牛按发情顺序随机分成2组，一组FSH总剂量为6mg，另一组为5mg。其处理方法是在发情周期的第10，11，123d每天早、晚各1次给参试牛肌注FSH，在第一次肌注FSH48h后肌注氯前列烯醇2支（4mL），发情后正常输精，间隔12h再输精1次。上述6头参试牛中随机选3头牛于输第1次精的同时肌注LRH－A_3200μg。每头参试牛于不同生理时期，包括肌注生殖激素的当天，24h，48h；肌注氯前列烯醇后24h，48h；发情后48h，排卵时，妊娠后第5d，20d，60d。从颈静脉各采血1次，共采10次，每次10mL，离心后分离血清，用放免法测定上述各生理时期血清中P_4，LH，E_2水平，分析与单、双胎的关系。结果表明（1）适量的PMSG（1350～2000IU）和纯化FSH（5mg）均能诱导母牛     

基于TM遥感信息和产量形成过程的水稻估产模型

基于遥感信息获取的瞬时性与广域性,结合水稻产量形成的生理生态过程及其与气候环境的相互关系,建立了较为简化的水稻估产模型。通过组件化的设计方法实现了遥感信息和估产模型的耦合,即利用抽穗期遥感影像反演的叶面积指数和生物量及时替换水稻估产模型对应参数变量,进而实现对水稻产量形成的估测。对模型检验的结果显示,水稻产量的预测值与实测值较为一致,预测水稻产量的RMSE为610.47 kg/hm2,表明利用水稻估产模型可以对不同年份、不同区域的水稻产量形成情况进行监测预报。     

Development of transgenic fungi that kill human malaria parasites in mosquitoes

Metarhizium anisopliae infects mosquitoes through the cuticle and proliferates in the hemolymph. To allow M. anisopliae to combat malaria in mosquitoes with advanced malaria infections, we produced recombinant strains expressing molecules that target sporozoites as they travel through the hemolymph to the salivary glands. Eleven days after a Plasmodium-infected blood meal, mosquitoes were treated with M. anisopliae expressing salivary gland and midgut peptide 1 (SM1), which blocks attachment of sporozoites to salivary glands; a single-chain antibody that agglutinates sporozoites; or scorpine, which is an antimicrobial toxin. These reduced sporozoite counts by 71%, 85%, and 90%, respectively. M. anisopliae expressing scorpine and an [SM1](8):scorpine fusion protein reduced sporozoite counts by 98%, suggesting that Metarhizium-mediated inhibition of Plasmodium development could be a powerful weapon for combating malaria.     

食用菌中农药残留安全及风险预测

概述食用菌农药残留风险评估和预测基础研究方面的国内外进展,对于开展相关研究、控制农药残留危害、确保食用菌产品安全和贸易具有积极的意义.     

Effect of microfluidization on in vitro micellization and intestinal cell uptake of lutein from Chlorella vulgaris

Chlorella is a nutrient-rich microalga that contains protein, lipid, minerals, vitamins, and high levels of lutein. This study evaluated the bioavailability of lutein from Chlorella vulgaris using a coupled in vitro digestion and human intestinal Caco-2 cell model. Lutein bioaccessibility was low, and approximately 75% of total C. vulgaris lutein was not micellized during the digestion process but remained in the insoluble digestate. Microfluidization improved lutein micellization efficiency during C. vulgaris digestion. C. vulgaris was microfluidized at a pressure exceeding 10000 psi, and the cell surface disruption was visualized by scanning electron microscopy. The mean C. vulgaris particle size was reduced from 3.56 to 0.35 μm with the microfluidization treatment. C. vulgaris microfluidization at 20000 psi was three times more efficient for aqueous lutein micelles production as compared with untreated C. vulgaris, and the final lutein content accumulated by intestinal Caco-2 cells was also higher with microfluidization. C. vulgaris lutein stability was not affected by microfluidization. These results indicate that microfluidization may be useful for improving lutein bioaccessibility from C. vulgaris during food processing.     

Molecular characterization of tetracycline- and quinolone-resistant Aeromonas salmonicida isolated in Korea

The antibiotic resistance of 16 Aeromonas (A.) salmonicida strains isolated from diseased fish and environmental samples in Korea from 2006 to 2009 were investigated in this study. Tetracycline or quinolone resistance was observed in eight and 16 of the isolates, respectively, based on the measured minimal inhibitory concentrations. Among the tetracycline-resistant strains, seven of the isolates harbored tetA gene and one isolate harbored tetE gene. Additionally, quinolone-resistance determining regions (QRDRs) consisting of the gyrA and parC genes were amplified and sequenced. Among the quinolone-resistant A. salmonicida strains, 15 harbored point mutations in the gyrA codon 83 which were responsible for the corresponding amino acid substitutions of Ser⁸³→Arg⁸³ or Ser⁸³→Asn⁸³. We detected no point mutations in other QRDRs, such as gyrA codons 87 and 92, and parC codons 80 and 84. Genetic similarity was assessed via pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and the results indicated high clonality among the Korean antibiotic-resistant strains of A. salmonicida.