Amplified fragment length polymorphism as a tool for molecular characterization of almond germplasm: genetic diversity among cultivated genotypes and related wild species of almond,and its relationships with agronomic traits

Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis is a rapid and efficient method for producing DNA fingerprints and molecular characterization. Our objectives were to: estimate genetic similarities (GS), marker indices, and polymorphic information contents (PICs) for AFLP markers in almond cultivars; assess the genetic diversity of almond cultivars and wild species, using GS estimated from AFLP fingerprints and molecular characterization; and facilitate the use of markers in inter-specific introgression and cultivar improvement. The genetic diversity of 45 almond cultivars from Iran, Europe, and America, were studied assaying 19 primer combinations. In addition, several agronomic traits were evaluated, including flowering and maturity times, self-incompatibility, and kernel and fruit properties. Out of the 813 polymerase chain reaction fragments that were scored, 781 (96.23%) were polymorphic. GS ranged from 0.5 to 0.96, marker indices ranged from 51.37 to 78.79, and PICs ranged from 0.56 to 0.86. Results allowed the unique molecular identification of all assayed genotypes. However, the correlation between genetic similarity clustering as based on AFLP and clustering for agronomic traits was low. Cluster analysis based on AFLP data clearly differentiated the genotypes and wild species according to their origin and pedigree, whereas, cluster analysis based on agronomic data differentiated according the pomological characterization. Our results showed the great genetic diversity of the almond cultivars and their interest for almond breeding.     

Inheritance and relationships of important agronomic traits in almond

The inheritance of 16 important agronomic traits and its relationship were studied for four years in a population of 167 almond [P. dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb] seedlings obtained from a cross between the French selection ‘R1000’ (‘Tardy Nonpareil’ × ‘Tuono’) and the Spanish cultivar ‘Desmayo Largueta’. For some traits (blooming and leafing date) descendants segregated between the value of both progenitors, meanwhile for others the mean of the offspring was lower (bloom density, productivity and ripening date) or higher (in-shell/kernel ratio and double kernels). As expected, kernel bitterness and self-incompatibility behaved as monogenic traits. Some important correlations between traits were detected. The implications of the transmission and the correlation of these traits in the breeding programmes are discussed.     

Human activities modify soil properties in urban parks: a case study of Tel Aviv-Jaffa

Purpose

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of visitors’ activities on soil properties in parks of Tel Aviv-Jaffa city, Israel.

Materials and methods

The city was divided into three geographical regions: south, central, and north. This division reflects the course of development of the city from south to north and encompasses various socioeconomic levels of residents. In each region, 9–15 parks were randomly chosen and classified into three groups according to their size (in m²): 2?×?10³ to 10?×?10³, 11?×?10³ to 20?×?10³, and 21?×?10³ to 50?×?10³. In each park soil, 0–2 cm of depth layer was sampled in areas under various levels of visitor pressure from July to August 2011, and organic matter, electrical conductivity, and sodium and chlorine contents were determined. Lawns and path and picnic areas represented low and high visitor pressure, respectively. Observations were conducted to characterize the various land uses of the parks and to estimate the numbers of visitors. Also, questionnaires were used at selected parks to assess visitors’ motivations or reasons for visiting the parks.

Results and discussion

Socioeconomic indicators, such as the number of residents, the apartment areas, and the percentages of family households, differed among the regions. Soil properties differed between the areas of high and low visitor pressure: they were influenced by type of human activity, size of the park, and number of visitors.

Conclusions

Soil properties are affected by variations in the intensity of park use by visitors and by the type of activities enjoyed by these visitors, both of which depend on the socioeconomic status of the park area.

     

Effects of past and current crop management on soil microbial biomass and activity

Because soil biota is influenced by a number of factors, including land use and management techniques, changing management practices could have significant effects on the soil microbial properties and processes. An experiment was conducted to investigate differences in soil microbiological properties caused by long- and short-term management practices. Intact monolith lysimeters (0.2 m² surface area) were taken from two sites of the same soil type that had been under long-term organic or conventional crop management and were then subjected to the same 2.5-year crop rotation [winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), maize (Zea mais L.), lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.), and rape (Brassica napus L. ssp. oleifera)] and two fertilizer regimes (following common organic and conventional practices). Soil samples were taken after crop harvest and analyzed for microbial biomass C and N, microbial activity (fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis, arginine deaminase activity, and dehydrogenase activity), and total C and N. The incorporation of the green manure stimulated growth and activity of the microbial communities in soils of both management histories. Soil microbial properties did not show any differences between organically and conventionally fertilized soils, indicating that crop rotation and plant type had a larger influence on the microbial biomass and enzyme activities than fertilization. Initial differences in microbial biomass declined, while the effects of farm management history were still evident in enzyme activities and total C and N. Links between enzyme activities and microbial biomass C varied depending on treatment, indicating differences in microbial community composition.     

Conservation in a changing world: <Emphasis Type="Italic">in situ</Emphasis> conservation of the giant maize of Jala

Using survey data from Jala, Mexico, this case-study evaluates in situ maize conservation of the variety ‘Jala’ (Zea mays L.). Though historically ‘Jala’ was the dominant variety grown in the valley of Jala, today less than 20% of farmers grow it on only 5% of the maize area. Younger growers of the ‘Jala’ variety specialize in it, growing relatively large amounts for niche markets. Older, diversified farmers grow small areas for household use and to compete in a local contest. Conservation of the ‘Jala’ variety has been heavily influenced by shifting ideal concepts of maize, as determined by market and consumption demands and by a contest designed to promote in situ conservation. The current move away from nationalized purchasing may favor ‘Jala’s’ continued conservation.     

An application of the mixed linear model and the dirichlet process prior in veterinary medicine research

This article applies Bayesian nonparametric techniques of analysis to the mixed linear model. The distribution of the random effects is specific as a nonparametric prior. A Dirichlet process prior is specified on the space of prior distributions. A modified Dirichlet process is described and applied using a Gibbs sampler. The approach is demonstrated in an investigation of the changes over time of packed cell volume in two breeds of cattle.     

Micropropagation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salvadora</Emphasis><Emphasis Type="Italic">persica</Emphasis>-a tree of arid horticulture and forestry

A micropropagation method for Jaal (Salvadora persica)—a tree of arid horticulture and forestry has been developed. Nodal segments of fresh shoot sprouts originated from axillary buds obtained from a plant around 35–40 years old lopped plant were used as explants for establishment of in vitro cultures. Surface-sterilized explants produced optimum number of shoots through activation of axillary buds on Murashige and Skoog’s (MS) medium containing 8.88 μM BA (6-benzyladenine) + additives (25 mgl⁻¹ each of adenine sulphate, arginine, citric acid, 50 mgl⁻¹ ascorbic acid). The shoot multiplication was influenced by the successive transfer of the mother explants for 4–5 passages. The maximum number (23.1 ± 0.73 shoots per explant) of shoots were regenerated on MS supplemented with 1.11 μM BA + 1.16 μM Kn (Kinetin) + 0.54 μM NAA (α-naphthalene acetic acid). About 90% shoots pulse-treated with a combination of 2460.27 μM Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) + 494.56 μM NOA (2-naphthoxy acetic acid) were rooted ex vitro on soilrite within 15–18 days. Over 80% cloned plantlets were hardened successfully in a green house and transferred to polybag/pots.     

Longitudinal growth strain as a log and wood quality predictor for plantation-grown <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eucalyptus nitens</Emphasis> sawlogs

Peripheral longitudinal growth strain (LGS) was measured on a total of 81, 22-year-old pruned Eucalyptus nitens trees from five thinning treatments in a plantation thinning trial in Tasmania. Growth strain data were gathered at breast height on each tree using the CIRAD-Forêt method. The effects of thinning treatment and tree diameter on LGS and its relationships to solid-wood traits determined in a processing trial were examined. LGS was significantly higher in the direction of the prevailing wind and was not significantly affected by either thinning treatment or tree diameter. An index of log end splitting was positively related to tree diameter, sawlog position (upper/lower), and LGS, which explained up to an additional 20% of the variance after tree diameter and log position were accounted for in a linear regression model. High LGS and log end splitting were significant indicators of increased board end splitting.     

Soil biological properties under different tree based traditional agroforestry systems in a semi-arid region of Rajasthan,India

An investigation was carried out in an Entisol at farmers’ field in Jaipur district, Rajasthan, India during 2002–2004 to evaluate the effect of traditionally grown trees on soil biological characteristics. Traditionally grown trees in farm lands for study consisted of Prosopis cineraria (L.), Dalbergia sissoo (Roxb.) ex DC, Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.) and Acacia nilotica (L.) Del. having a canopy diameter of 8 m. Results revealed significant and substantial improvement in soil biological activity in terms of microbial biomass C, N and P, dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase activity under different tree based agroforestry systems as compared to a no tree control (cropping alone). Soil microbial biomass C, N and P under agroforestry varied between 262–320, 32.1–42.4 and 11.6–15.6 μg g⁻¹ soil, respectively, with corresponding microbial biomass C, N and P of 186, 23.2 and 8.4 μg g⁻¹ soil under a no tree control. Fluxes of C, N and P through microbial biomass were also significantly higher in P. cineraria based land use system followed by D. sissoo, A. leucophloea and Acacia nilotica in comparison to a no tree control. Thus, it is concluded that agroforestry system at farmers’ field enhance soil biological activity and amongst trees, P. cineraria based system brought maximum and significant improvement in soil biological activity.     

Comparative analysis of a wood: adhesive bondline

The wood–adhesive interface was analyzed using five methods with the objective of quantitatively assessing penetration of adhesive into the porous wood network. Methods included fluorescence microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, backscatter electron imaging, wavelength dispersive spectroscopy, and X-ray microtomography (XMT). Each method provided a visual inspection, and all of the analysis methods were applied to the same field of view. XMT was the primary technique of interest. Rubidium hydroxide was used in place of sodium hydroxide in the formulation of phenol–formaldehyde adhesive. Rubidium was found to increase the X-ray attenuation of the adhesive. However, rubidium migrated beyond the adhesive interphase during specimen preparation, thus reducing its effectiveness for image contrast enhancement. The wood species studied included red oak (Quercus rubra), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), and hybrid poplar (Populus deltoides × Populus trichocarpa). All techniques used for this study were useful, but each presented some limitations for bondline analysis. Despite the problem with rubidium migration, XMT for this application was promising.