Tracking the long-term decline and recovery of an isolated population

Effects of small population size and reduced genetic variation on the viability of wild animal populations remain controversial. During a 35-year study of a remnant population of greater prairie chickens, population size decreased from 2000 individuals in 1962 to fewer than 50 by 1994. Concurrently, both fitness, as measured by fertility and hatching rates of eggs, and genetic diversity declined significantly. Conservation measures initiated in 1992 with translocations of birds from large, genetically diverse populations restored egg viability. Thus, sufficient genetic resources appear to be critical for maintaining populations of greater prairie chickens.     

Rutgers桃(红叶)与白芒蟠桃(绿叶)光合生理特性的比较

在田间条件下对Rutgers桃（红叶）和白芒蟠桃（绿叶）的光合生理特性进行了比较研究。结果表明：Rutgers桃的光合能力显著低于白芒蟠桃,净光合速率日积分值仅为白芒蟠桃的65％,表观量子效率、羧化效率分别较白芒蟠桃降低30％和66％。Rutgers桃的花色素苷含量是白芒蟠桃的760倍,而单位叶面积的叶绿素含量二者没有显著差异。因此,Rutgers桃与白芒蟠桃光合能力的差异并不是叶绿素含量差异造成的。     

精密镗床旋转轴几何误差完备性测量与辨识

针对四轴卧式镗床旋转轴需测几何误差的数目不统一与完备性缺失的问题,提出了基于形状创成函数的四轴卧式镗床旋转轴PIGEs形成机理分析方法与旋转轴完备几何误差测量辨识方法。基于形状创成机理构建了卧式镗床几何误差创成函数,确定了旋转轴可通过误差补偿进行调整的最少与位置无关的几何误差(Position-independent geometric error, PIGEs)数目。建立了卧式镗床旋转轴4项PIGEs、6项与位置有关的几何误差(Position-dependent geometric error, PDGEs)、6项安装误差(Setup error, SEs)与球杆仪(Double ball bar, DBB)测量轨迹半径之间的完备性函数模型,设计了基于DBB的四轴联动Viviani曲线测量轨迹,构建了旋转轴6项PDGEs的NURBS表征与PIGEs、SEs辨识方法。开展了误差补偿对比实验验证,结果表明,利用几何误差完备性测量与辨识结果进行误差补偿,较仅单一补偿6项PDGEs可提升圆轨迹测量精度40.69%。     

长江口刀鲚洄游群体生殖特征和条件状况研究

为探求长江口地区溯河群体刀鲚生殖特征和条件状况,于2006—2008年刀鲚溯河洄游期间,采集刀鲚样品。通过对其体长、体重、肝重、性腺重、条件指数、脂肪重等生物学参数的研究,以了解三年内溯河群体刀鲚的生殖特征和条件状况的变化。研究结果表明：（1）洄游群体刀鲚体长、体重年际间有变化,体长一体重的拟合关系年际间有差异。（2）长江口地区涸游群体刀鲚生殖特征年际间有变化,刀鲚性腺重量与体长、体重关系密切,均呈正相关关系。（3）洄游群体刀鲚条件状况,不同年份亦有变化。其中：肝重、脂肪重分别与体长、体重关系密切,呈正相关;洄游群体刀鲚条件指数2007年最大,对每个年份刀鲚条件指数进一步分析,显示：随着年龄的增加,刀鲚的条件指数逐渐增加,由1龄到2龄,条件指数变化最大（P〈0．01）。综上所述,洄游群体刀鲚生殖特征和条件状况的动态变化,显示了气候对洄游群体刀鲚生殖状况影响的动态过程。     

短期玉米秸秆还田对冷凉地区土壤真菌多样性的影响

在玉米吐丝期,利用传统涂布平板法和高通量测序技术,设置常规秸秆不还田(CK)、秸秆深翻还田(SF)和秸秆旋耕还田(XG)3个处理,研究0~10 cm、10~20 cm和20~30 cm土层真菌群落丰富度、多样性和群落结构变化,揭示冷凉地区玉米秸秆还田真菌群落结构及其差异。结果表明:冷凉地区玉米秸秆还田对土壤真菌多样性的影响较大,秸秆还田土壤中可培养真菌数为SFXGCK;秸秆还田后土壤真菌优势菌群发生变化,CK优势菌为马拉色氏霉菌属、被孢霉属和葡萄孢属,XG优势菌为被孢霉属;XG和SF表层土壤中耐冷酵母菌属和被孢霉属是优势菌;SF处理20~30 cm土层优势菌为葡萄孢属。真菌菌群Alpha多样性、群落组成丰度、RDA(Redundancy analysis)和菌群相似性综合分析可知,SF和XG 0~20 cm土层菌群差异小;SF和XG均能增加10~30 cm土层真菌群落丰度。     

断奶仔猪腹泻病因分析

为了解云南省断奶仔猪腹泻的致病性原因,通过对30个发生断奶仔猪腹泻猪场的210份粪便、60份饮用水,总计270份样品,进行病毒及致病性细菌分析。研究结果表明,致病性大肠杆菌严重污染饮用水,致病性大肠杆菌在饮用水中检出40株,阳性率为66.7%,粪便中检出100株,阳性率47.6%;致病性沙门氏菌在饮用水中检出10株,阳性率为16.7%,粪便中检出24株,阳性率为11.4%,均对亚胺培南敏感。在粪便中猪流行性腹泻病毒(porcine epidemic diarrhea virus,PEDV)、猪圆环病毒2型(porcine circovirous type 2,PCV2)、猪伪狂犬病病毒(pseudorabies virus,PRV)、猪瘟病毒(classical swine fever virus,CSFV)、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus,PRRSV)及猪轮状病毒(porcine rotavirus,PoRV)的PCR扩增阳性率为5.2%~13.0%,在饮用水中未检出。通过对云南省断奶仔猪腹泻进行病因分析,了解断奶仔猪腹泻的具体原因,本试验结果为从病因入手防制该病提供更合理、更切合实际情况的理论依据与试验参考。     

沙质草地、高平原草地牧草总糖与还原糖含量变化

研究了沙质草地与高平原草地六种牧草的总糖含量与还原糖含量变化情况.结果表明:沙质草地与高平原草地供试牧草的总糖含量变化(除糙隐子草外)和还原糖含量变化不同;除羊草和寸草苔外,其余几种牧草的还原糖含量都是高平原草地高于沙质草地.     

Are the Australian poultry industries vulnerable to large outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza?

Objective   To describe the structure of the Australian poultry industry and discuss the potential for highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) to spread between Australian poultry farms.
Procedure   High densities of poultry farms, frequent contacts between farms by service providers, the supply of live poultry markets (LPM) and the presence of free-range duck flocks in affected regions have been identified as risk factors for the spread of HPAI between flocks in outbreaks causing the death or destruction of over 1 million poultry overseas. Data on 1,594 commercial Australian chicken meat, chicken egg, duck and turkey farms were collected by a telephone questionnaire of farm managers to assess the risk of a HPAI outbreak in Australia.
Results and Discussion   Five regions of Australia had farm densities comparable to overseas regions that experienced widespread HPAI. Common service providers routinely contacted different classes and types of farms over wide geographic areas. However, no responding farms supplied LPM and the majority of duck farms did not produce free-range ducks.
Conclusion   Outbreaks of HPAI have the potential to cause serious impacts on the Australian poultry industry. The risk posted by LPM and free-range ducks is limited, but the movement of genetic stock and common service providers could spread infection between companies, industries or geographical regions. Biosecurity measures are therefore considered critical to limit the secondary spread of infection should an outbreak occur.     

紫薇的园林特性及开发应用

该文对紫薇的生物学特性、生态适应性及观赏特性进行了归纳和评价,并系统总结了紫薇的历史文化内涵,阐述了其在园林绿地中的应用途径,指出紫薇资源在园林应用开发方面存在的问题与进一步发展的对策。     

模拟酸雨对不同叶色李和桃生理特性的影响

研究了夏季和秋季模拟酸雨对不同叶色李和桃生理特性的影响,结果表明:酸雨胁迫对紫叶李的细胞膜透性、叶绿素含量、花色素苷含量、抗氧化酶活性影响最大,对红叶桃影响最小;李、桃对酸雨胁迫的反应秋季较夏季更敏感,各生理指标变化幅度较大。