黄土丘陵区宁夏西吉县土地利用动态与坡耕地生产力变化

通过资料分析、野外调查和定位试验等方法 ,对半干旱黄土丘陵区宁夏西吉县 15年的土地利用动态及坡耕地生产力变化进行了研究。结果显示 ,1980年西吉县的农、林、牧业用地比例为 8.2∶ 0 .4∶ 1.4 ,由于“三北防护林工程”和世界粮食计划署援助的“2 6 0 5”等项目的实施 ,1987年调整为 4 .6∶ 2 .4∶ 3.0 ,水平梯田面积占农业用地的百分比由 1980年的 1.7%增长到 17.6 % ,1994年继续增加到 38.5 % ;1980年、1987年和 1994年坡耕地的土壤流失量分别为 14 84 ,4 2 2 ,5 5万 t,土壤养分损失折合化肥的总量分别为 6 70 5 16 ,2 30 5 98,16 2 0 5 6 t,分别是当年化肥实际施用总量的 5 96 .5倍、2 7.6倍和 6 .8倍 ;1980年、1987年和 1994年由水土流失造成的坡耕地粮食减产量分别为 90 72 5 ,8870 9,90 4 6 5 t,分别为当年粮食总产量的 93.2 % ,2 8.1% ,16 .8%。     

Adsorption,Desorption And Mobility of Fomesafen in Chinese Soils

Fomesafen, 5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-N-(methylsulfonyl)-2-nitrobenzamide, is used widely for weed control in soybeans since its introduction to China. Little information is available on its adsorption, desorption and movement in Chinese soils. The adsorption, desorption and mobility of fomesafen in six Chinese soils was studied. Adsorption isotherms agreed with the Freundlich equation very well. The results of regressionanalysis indicated that soil pH was more important than organic matter for fomesafen adsorption. Fomesafen was more readily desorbed from soils with 0.01 M CaSO₄ solution. Soil TLC and column leaching studies showed that fomesafen and its metabolites was less mobile in Chinese soils. About 89.82% of applied fomesafen and its metabolites still remained in upper 5 cm layer 60 days after treatment under field conditions.     

Effects of accelerators on mobility of 14C-2,4-dichlorophenoxy butyric acid in plant cuticles depends on type and concentration of accelerator

Effects of diethyl suberate (DESU), diethyl sebacate (DES), dibutyl suberate (DBSU), dibutyl sebacate (DBS), and tributyl phosphate (TBP) on diffusion of 14C-2,4-dichlorophenoxy butyric acid (2,4-DB) across cuticular membranes (CM) was studied. Astomatous CM were isolated enzymatically from Stephanotis floribunda Brongn. leaves, and diffusion was measured at 20 degrees C. The alkyl-substituted dicarboxylic acids constitute a homologous series with carbon numbers increasing from C12 to C18. Molecular weights increased only moderately from 230.0 (DESU) to 314.5 (DBS), while partition coefficients varied over orders of magnitude from 92 (DESU), to 1213 (DES), to 15,988 (DBSU), to 210,762 (DBS). All the above compounds turned out to be accelerators as they increased 2,4-DB mobility by up to 40-fold with accelerator concentrations in the CM ranging from only 9.2 to 105 g kg(-1). Efficacy (2,4-DB mobility in the presence/mobility in the absence of accelerators) increased with increasing concentrations of accelerators in CM or in reconstituted cuticular waxes. Plotting efficacy vs accelerator concentration in the CM resulted in straight lines, and their slopes increased in the order DBS (0.14), DBSU (0.31), DES (0.51), and DESU (0.85). Hence, DESU was the most powerful accelerator in this series as it increased 2,4-DB mobility in the CM about 6 times more than DBSU. Waxes constitute the major barrier in plant cuticles, and plots of efficacy vs accelerator concentration in Stephanotis wax were also linear, but compared to CM slopes were steeper by factors of 3.20 (DBS), 2.97 (DBSU), 2.70 (DES), and 1.62 (DESU). TBP was similarly effective as DESU, but plots of efficacy vs concentration were not linear, and curves approached a plateau at 60-80 g kg(-1). These data are discussed with regard to suitability of these accelerators for formulating systemic pesticides.     

L-cysteine Stimulates Selenite Uptake through GSH Involving in Selenite Reduction in Rice Roots

The effect of L-cysteine on selenite uptake rate in rice roots was investigated in this study. The results indicated that L-cysteine stimulated selenite uptake significantly, but D-cysteine had no effect on selenite uptake. Selenite uptake increased significantly when the roots were exposed to the L-cysteine solution following a cleanup of the adsorbed L-cysteine on the root surface. Exogenous reduced glutathione stimulated selenite uptake significantly, but oxidized glutathione had no effect on selenite uptake. Split-root experiments showed that exogenous L-cysteine and reduced glutathione applied to one-half of the root system induced selenite uptake by the untreated half. Furthermore, reduced glutathione concentration in rice roots was increased or reduced significantly when exposed to L-cysteine or selenite solution, respectively. A correlation analysis revealed selenite uptake rate was positively correlated with reduced glutathione concentration in rice roots but not in rice leaves. L-cysteine stimulates selenite uptake through reduced glutathione involving in selenite reduction in rice roots.     

小秦岭自然保护区森林群落昆虫多样性研究

在河南省小秦岭自然保护区设立72块标准样地,对7种森林群落中的昆虫多样性进行了调查和分析,并比较了不同森林类型中昆虫群落的相似性,为该地区生态保护和资源利用提供昆虫方面的基础资料。结果表明:小秦岭自然保护区主要有昆虫14目79科517种,优势类群为鞘翅目、鳞翅目、半翅目、膜翅目和直翅目等;阔叶混交林和针阔混交林中的昆虫多样性较高,秦岭冷杉林、油松林、华山松林和灌丛矮曲林中的昆虫多样性处于中等水平,而竹林中的昆虫多样性最低;总体上针阔混交林昆虫群落组成与其他森林类型相似性较高,而竹林与其他各森林类型的相似性较低。     

Observations on mineral transformations and potential environmental consequences during the oxidation of iron sulphide‐rich materials in incubation experiments

This paper attempts to acquire a good understanding of the formation and evolution of acid sulphate soils (ASS), as well as to assess the consequent environmental impacts. An incubation experiment to simulate the development of ASS under various weathering scenarios was set up. Fresh monosulphidic black ooze (MBO) material was divided into three parts and each was subjected to different drying and rewetting regimes by controlling an artificial water table in an incubation cell. The observations focused on the changes in mineralogy of the material and reflectance spectral changes during the oxidation process, and the ionic composition and chemical status of the solutions generated. Mineralogical investigations with hyperspectral and XRD analysis showed that frequent inundation produced extensive surface oxidation and a change from iron sulphide minerals to stable end members such as goethite. For the material experiencing moderate or occasional inundation, oxidation was less advanced and a different secondary mineral suite, with iron sulphate minerals such as jarosite, was present. Solutions generated from all the incubation cells were generally acidic with pH around 3.5, indicating that sulphide oxidation occurred rapidly in all cells. Sulphate concentrations in solutions from the different cells were calculated from the measurements of SO₄^2? and other anions in solutions and may approximate the rates of sulphide oxidation. Potential environmental impacts were illustrated in terms of soil acidity, salinity and trace metal release, and the effects of the different wetting/drying regimes on the oxidative process also provided insight into potential weathering effects in a changing climate.     

农业科研试验基地管理初探——以中国农业科学院作物科学研究所试验基地为例

农业科研试验基地是我国农业科技成果转化的重要平台。文章以中国农业科学院作物科学研究所试验基地为例,分析了我国农业科研试验基地的管理现状,指出了在发展农业现代化时期我国农业科研试验基地管理工作中存在的问题,并从优化管理模式和加强管理人员队伍建设等方面提出了改善农业科研试验基地建设的对策,同时拓展了新形势下我国农业科研试验基地发展的功能定位,以期使农业科研试验基地更好地为农业科技成果转化服务,为实现农业现代化作出贡献。     

家系抽样大小对云南松遗传力估算的影响

以西南林业大学苗圃内的140个半同胞家系的9196株实生苗为研究材料,利用计算机程序按不同家系样本量梯度抽取数据,估算每个家系样本量梯度下的家系遗传力,分析云南松2年生苗木不同家系样本量对苗高和地径家系遗传力估算值的影响,进而在保证精度和节约成本的条件下确定被测群体的临界样本量。结果表明：不同家系样本量梯度间苗高和地径2个性状的家系遗传力估算值都存在显著的差异,其中苗高存在极显著差异（P<0.01）、地径存在显著差异（P<0.05）,家系样本量对云南松子代苗高和地径的遗传力估算有显著影响。估算精度随着样本量的增加而升高,在云南松家系样本量为70个时,家系遗传力均值较为稳定,而标准差和变异系数偏低,在测定的云南松家系样本量大于70个时,既保证其遗传力估算值的准确性,又达到实际生产以及试验需要。     

滇池湖滨区湿地鸟类栖息地适宜性评价研究

2018年7月至2019年5月,每月对滇池湖滨区28个样点和主城区3个滨水公园在内的共计31个样点进行湿地鸟类丰富度和土地覆被因子的调查。通过计算显著影响湿地鸟类丰富度的土地覆被因子参数的适宜性指数（HSI）单因子指数,采用单因素聚类分析将综合HSI（HSI_t）分类,构建滇池湖滨区湿地鸟类栖息地的HSI模型,以此评价该湖滨区各样点作为湿地鸟类栖息地的适宜性。结果表明：滇池湖滨区的样点中除东大河的HSI_t显著高于其他样点为极高适宜区,其他样点HSI_t聚类均值均小于0.6,划分为高适宜区7个、中适宜区10个、低适宜区10个。而城区滨水公园的3个样点中,除翠湖为低适宜区外,莲花池、篆塘的HSI_t显著低于其他样点,为极低适宜区。     

酶解法测定L-抗坏血酸磷酸酯含量的研究

L-抗坏血酸磷酸酯是将抗坏血酸中的不稳定基团(在烯醇上的氢)与磷酸盐进行酯化反应,生成的稳定酯类化合物。从根本上解决了抗坏血酸不稳定、易氧化的问题。动物消化道内存在的磷酸酶能将其酶解,释放出抗坏血酸为动物利用,是一种可替代抗坏血酸的饲料添加剂。目前已经报导的测定