Monoterpenoid inhibitors of NO production from Paeonia suffruticosa

Three pairs of monoterpene glycosides (1–6), of which compounds 1, 3, and 4 as new compounds, together with one new monoterpene (7) were obtained from the ethanol extract of Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews. Their structures were determined on the basis of chemical methods and spectral data. On this basis, the spectral characteristics of three pairs of monoterpene glycosides were also discussed. The inhibitory effects of isolated compounds on nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages were evaluated, and NO production was suppressed significantly by compounds 4–7.     

Glycyrrhetinic acid protects mice from Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia

In the present study, the antimicrobial activity of glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) against Staphylococcus aureus, and its influence on the production of S. aureus alpha-haemolysin (Hla) were investigated, along with the in vivo activity of GA against S. aureus-induced pneumonia. GA could not inhibit the growth of S. aureus, but the secretion of Hla by S. aureus was significantly inhibited by low concentrations of GA in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, in vivo data show that GA provides protection against staphylococcal pneumonia in a murine model system.     

猪链球菌病C、D、E三价灭活蜂胶疫苗的研制

以C、D、E群猪链球菌强毒株经培养后灭活、浓缩、混合,用蜂胶作佐剂(10mg/头剂),制成C、D、E三价蜂胶灭活疫苗,并在实验室内进行安全性试验及免疫效果实验。结果表明,该疫苗对实验猪、小鼠及家兔均安全;小鼠免疫21天后攻毒,对C55138株的保率护分别是4/5、5/5、4/5;C55938株的保护率分别是3/5、4/5、4/5;C55914株的保护率分别是4/5、3/5、3/5,对照组均5/5死亡;猪免疫21天后以C55138株攻毒,0401试制疫苗保护率为3/4外,其余均4/4保护;对C55938株攻毒保护率三批分别为4/4、2/4、3/4。对照猪均4/4死亡,疫苗免疫保护效果良好。     

饲粮添加铜、铁和锌对牛组织和血液铅和镉含量的影响

本研究旨在探讨饲粮添加必需微量元素铜、铁和锌对肉牛组织和血液铅和镉含量的影响。选用 ２０头 １２月龄肉牛,随机分为 ２组,每组 １０头,各组分别饲喂基础精饲料（对照组）和基础精饲料中添加铜 ２０ｍｇ、铁 ２００ｍｇ和锌 ２００ｍｇ的试验精饲料（试验组）,粗饲料自由采食。试验期为 １５０ｄ。每天以组为单位计算牛的采食量;每 ３０ｄ称取牛体重并采集血液样品,试验结束后,屠宰试验牛,采集肾脏、肝脏、心脏、胰脏、脾脏、瘤胃、大肠及背肌组织样品,测定血液和组织中铅和镉含量。结果表明：牛精饲料中添加铁、铜和锌后,平均日增重极显著地提高了１２．５０％（Ｐ＜０．０１）,料重比极显著地降低了 １５．６８％（Ｐ＜０．０１）;铅含量在胰脏和瘤胃中极显著增加（Ｐ＜０．０１）,在脾脏和血液中显著减少（Ｐ＜０．０５）,在其余组织中无显著变化（Ｐ＞０．０５）,铅蓄积的器官主要是胃;镉含量在肾脏、肝脏、脾脏、瘤胃和大肠中均极显著增加（Ｐ＜０．０１）,但心脏中的镉含量极显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０１）,镉蓄积的器官主要是肾脏。结果提示,在饲粮中添加铜、铁和锌可以改善肉牛的生长性能,但不能有效减少脏器及肌肉组织中铅和镉的蓄积。     

不同酶制剂在生长猪小麦型日粮中应用效果的研究

本研究选用4种不同的酶制剂（E1、E2、欧蒂酶(OT)、木聚糖酶）,以小麦基础日粮为试验材料,探讨不同酶制剂在生长猪小麦日粮中的应用效果。采用单因素试验设计,选用112头体重19.34 kg左右的二元（长×大）杂交猪,随机分为7个处理组,每组4个重复,每个重复4头猪,公母各半。试验期8周,分为0～2周、2～4周和4～8周3个阶段,饲喂日粮分别为玉米型日粮、小麦基础日粮、小麦基础日粮+不同酶制剂（E1,E2,欧蒂酶,木聚糖酶）和低能小麦型日粮+欧蒂酶,考察酶制剂对生长猪生产性能的影响;同时,另选6头体重在20 kg左右的二元（长×大）杂交阉公猪于回肠末端安装T型瘘管,采用6×6拉丁方试验设计进行消化试验,利用内源指示剂法(AIA)测定酶制剂对营养物质的表观回肠和粪消化率。试验结果表明,与小麦基础组相比,小麦日粮中添加酶制剂能提高生长猪的平均日增重,2～4周时有提高趋势（P=0.10）;与小麦对照组相比较,E1组全期平均日增重差异不显著（P>0.05）, 木聚糖酶组和E2组差异显著（P<0.05）,欧蒂酶组差异极显著（P<0.01）。小麦日粮中添加酶制剂均能显著降低生长猪全期料重比（P<0.05）;同时,酶制剂能显著降低生长猪4～8周及全期的腹泻率（P<0.05）,E2组、欧蒂酶组、木聚糖酶组达极显著水平（P<0.01）;消化试验结果表明,酶制剂有提高日粮中蛋白质和能量的粪表观消化率,但差异不显著（P>0.05）;酶制剂的添加有提高能量的回肠表观消化率的趋势（P=0.10）;E2、欧蒂酶、木聚糖酶的添加能显著提高粗蛋白质的回肠表观消化率（P<0.05）,E1组差异不显著（P>0.05）。     

耕地分等因素对粮食产量的影响

为探讨耕地分等因素对粮食产量的影响,本文采用空间分析、模型分析、定量与定性分析相结合等方法,分别建立了耕地分等单因素与粮食产量间定量关系序列和因素组合与粮食产量的关系模型。模型分析结果表明：分等单因素的级别变化会引起粮食生产能力的改变,变化幅度在45～1 335 kg/km2,变化最大值是有效土层厚度在2～3级间的改变,最小值为排水条件1～2级间的改变;因素组合对产量的影响表现出某一因素指标值的改变,会引起耕地自然质量分的改变和产量的变化,自然质量分在0.5～2.4之间变化,对应的粮食产量变化范围为760～11 000 kg/km2,即自然质量分每变化0.1,粮食产量变化500 kg/km2。研究结论表明,耕地分等单因素及其因素组合的变化对粮食产量均产生较大影响,粮食生产能力建设应根据耕地分等不同区域的因素特征制订具体措施。     

The impact of a copper smelter on adjacent soil zinc and cadmium fractions and soil organic carbon

Purpose  

We investigated the chemical fractions of Zn, Cd and Cu in soils collected from positions at different distances from a copper smelter and studied the relationships between distribution patterns of Zn, Cd and Cu, fractions and soil organic carbon (SOC), especially “black carbon” (BC), in contaminated soils. The relationships between soil particle size and concentrations of Zn and Cd in contaminated soil were also examined.     

Nitrous oxide emissions from animal urine as affected by season and a nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide

Purpose  

Nitrous oxide emissions from pasture soils account for one third of total agricultural greenhouse gas emissions in New Zealand. The aim of this study was to determine nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from animal urine patches under summer (with irrigation) and winter conditions as affected by dicyandiamide (DCD) in grazed grassland in New Zealand.