Improving Drought Tolerance of Rice by Designed QTL Pyramiding

Drought is the most important factor limiting rice yields in the rainfed areas of Asia. To overcome the problem, we developed a new strategy ＇designed QTL pyramiding＇ to more efficiently develop drought tolerant （DT） rice cultivars. In the first phase of this strategy, we developed large numbers of introgression lines （ILs） in elite backgrounds using backcross （BC） breeding, each of which carries multiple genomic segments for improved DT from a known donor. Then, we genotyped all ILs with SSR markers to track the genomewide pattern of introgression in the DT ILs of 16 BC populations derived from crosses between 2 recipients （IR64 and Teqing） and four different donors. X^2 tests and linkage disequilibrium analyses of introgression in the DT ILs revealed significant frequency shifts at many loci across the genome and non-random associations at the multilocus level as a result of selection for DT in the ILs, which led us to the discovery of putative genetic networks underlying DT in the ILs. The networks each containing all DT loci detected in ILs from a BC population showed some interesting features.     

Mutation Techniques for Gene Discovery and Crop Improvement

One of the most important breakthroughs in the history of genetics ）was the discovery that mutations can be artificially induced in organisms （van Harten, 1998）. Artificially induced mutations, by physical and chemical mutagens, have greatly advanced the understanding of genetics of higher organisms. Starting in the late 1960＇s, the International Atomic Energy Agency （IAEA） and the Food and Agriculture Organization （FAO） of the United Nations sponsored extensive research on mutation induction and their application to breeding of food and indnstrial crops that resulted in the introduction of new varieties of rice, wheat, barley, apples, citrus, sugar cane, banana, and others （more than 2 500 officially released new varieties are to be found in the FAO/IAEA Mutant Varieties Database） （hitp：//www-mvd.iaea.org/MVD/default.htm）. However, the usefulness of mutation techniques has been underappreciated in research communities, particularly during the last decade, when more and more researchers and breeders were rushing into molecular marker techniques and transgenic plants. In this paper, after a brief review of the past accomplishments of mutation induction and its application, we discuss the uniqueness of induced mutations in gene discovery and how to integrate induced mutants into functional genomics programs;     

铜、锌离子影响丹参金属硫蛋白MT2基因表达

植物金属硫蛋白在金属离子的储存、运输和代谢及降低重金属离子的毒性等方面起着重要作用本文研究了Cu2 、Zn2 对丹参毛状根中金属硫蛋白基因表达的影响.以6,7-V为液体培养基,分别以缺乏正常及原培养基100、500、1 000倍的cu2 、Zn2 处理,采用半定量PCR法检测不同时间点时金属硫蛋基因的表达情况.结果发现Cu2 、Zn2 诱导金属硫蛋基因的表达量分别在100倍处理量时的9 h和6 d达到峰值Cu2 、Zn2 能显著诱导丹参金属硫蛋白基因的表达,该基因可能在丹参对铜、锌元素的吸收方面发挥着重要的作用.     

不同贮存方法对两种半红树植物种子发芽的影响

对银叶树和海芒果两种半红树植物种子进行常温干藏、椰糠保存和常温沙藏三种贮藏处理,然后进行发芽试验.结果表明: 常温沙藏的两种半红树植物种子发芽整齐表现最好,发芽率均最高,分别为84.2%和64.0%;常温干藏处理的两种半红树植物种子发芽整齐表现最差且发芽率最低,分别为62.5%和38.0%.t检验结果为三种贮藏方法处理的银叶树和海芒果种子发芽率均差异极显著.常温沙藏是生产上宜采用的种子贮藏方法.     

辽西地区相对资源承载力与可持续发展研究

本文讨论并改进了相对资源承载力的概念、研究思路和计算方法,选择具有代表性的辽西地区,实证分析1988—2004年辽西地区相对土地资源承载力、相对经济资源承载力、相对生活水平承载力和综合承载力的演变和空间差异,预测2010年和2015年辽西地区的人口超载规模,分析辽西地区相对资源承载力存在问题的原因,提出辽西地区实现可持续发展的对策。     

连续夹持输送式苎麻剥麻机研制

针对苎麻剥麻劳动强度大、作业工效低等问题,该研究基于横向喂入式剥麻技术的作业特点,结合苎麻剥麻的工艺要求,设计了一种连续夹持输送式苎麻剥麻机。通过对剥麻装置、夹持输送装置和换端夹持装置等关键部件的结构设计和理论分析,确定影响剥麻质量的关键因素及作业参数范围。以剥麻间隙、滚筒转速和输送速度作为影响因素,建立苎麻剥麻的鲜茎出麻率和原麻含杂率的数学模型,结合Box-Behnken试验方案进行多目标优化试验,寻求装置作业参数对苎麻剥麻的影响规律及最优参数组合。试验结果表明:滚筒转速、剥麻间隙和输送速度对鲜茎出麻率和原麻含杂率均具有极显著影响。通过多目标参数优化分析,确定最优作业参数组合:剥麻间隙4.0 mm、滚筒转速330 r/min和输送速度0.36 m/s。基于优化参数进行苎麻剥麻的生产验证试验,结果显示:鲜茎出麻率5.04%、原麻含杂率1.18%,各指标与模型预测值的相对误差均小于5%,验证了预测模型的准确性;整机生产效率142 kg/h,达到设计指标要求;苎麻纤维的含胶率22.85%,束纤维断裂强度4.56 CN/dtex,达到《苎麻》国家标准二等苎麻纤维等别。     

矮化密植果园多臂采摘机器人任务规划

为提高矮化密植果园多机械臂采摘机器人的协同作业效率,该研究对存在重叠访问域的多臂协同采摘机器人任务规划进行分析,将多臂协同任务规划问题归纳为异步重叠访问域的多旅行商问题,给出了基于遗传算法的优化求解方法.试验结果表明:该研究所提任务规划算法在求解4个机械臂采摘43和90颗果实的任务规划问题时,分别在500和2000次迭...     

水盐交互作用对河套灌区土壤光谱特征的影响

为探究土壤水盐交互作用对Sentinel-2卫星光谱特征的影响,该研究以内蒙古河套灌区沙壕渠灌域为研究区域,分别在2018年和2019年的4-5月共采集280个裸土期表层土壤样本,测定其土壤含水率和含盐量,并获取同步的Sentinel-2卫星遥感数据,构建基于土壤水盐-反射率原理的土壤光谱特征理论模型,在此基础上结合土壤水盐交互作用构建水盐交互模型,并比较2种模型对土壤光谱的模拟效果,分析土壤水盐交互作用对土壤光谱估算的影响。结果表明：1）土壤水盐交互作用对光谱的影响因波段类型和水盐含量的不同而有所不同。在可见光范围上影响相对较弱,其作用范围为-0.11～0.29;在近红外和短波红外范围上影响相对较强,其作用范围为-0.35～0.61;当水分或盐分中某个含量较高时对光谱影响较弱,其主要集中在-0.1～0.23;,在水盐含量程度相似时影响较强,其作用范围为0.3～0.6。2）与土壤光谱特征理论模型相比,水盐交互模型能明显地改善土壤光谱的模拟效果,能将模拟相关系数由0.14～0.44提升到0.29～0.70,均方根误差由0.032～0.082降低到0.029～0.068。该研究结果揭示了盐分和水分对光谱特征的干扰过程,为土壤盐分的估算提供策略与方法,对实现区域尺度上土壤盐分的精准监测具有一定的意义。     

基于MCR模型的城镇生态安全格局构建和建设用地开发模式

近年来,在中国城市土地开发的顶层设计中越发强调生态空间的重要性,充分识别城市生态安全格局并探讨建设用地空间扩展格局成为划定生态保护红线、确定城市开发边界和"三规合一"空间管制等政策实施的迫切需求。该文以唐山市为例,基于"生态过程—格局"理论和GIS的空间相关性分析、距离分析和叠加分析等方法,从综合水安全、地质灾害预警、生物生境保护、水土保持、游憩安全5个方面,整合构建了底线安全格局、缓冲安全格局和最优安全格局3种不同等级的综合生态安全格局。该文在MCR模型算法引入不同等级"源"的权重系数,以综合生态安全格局为阻力因子,并结合城镇中心的吸引力、主要道路的吸引力和政策调控(区域开发重点)等城镇用地扩展影响因素,得到在不同约束条件下的区域空间扩展阻力面,分别确定了唐山市在"生态安全约束型""经济增长主导型"和"生态与经济并重"3种模式下城镇空间可能的发展范围,经过多方案比较,"生态与经济并重"城镇建设用地空间发展模式是未来城镇健康有序发展的最优模式,这种发展模式既有利于减少大规模、高强度的城镇化和工业化过程所造成的城市发展和环境保护之间的用地冲突,也可为城市用地布局规划和生态红线划定提供科学依据。     

Short term soil priming effects and the mineralisation of biochar following its incorporation to soils of different pH

The aim of this work was to determine the magnitude of the priming effect, i.e. short-term changes in the rate (negative or positive) of mineralisation of native soil organic carbon (C), following addition of biochars. The biochars were made from Miscanthus giganteus, a C4 plant, naturally enriched with ¹³C. The biochars were produced at 350 °C (biochar350) and 700 °C (biochar700) and applied with and without ryegrass as a substrate to a clay-loam soil at pH 3.7 and 7.6. A secondary aim was to determine the effect of ryegrass addition on the mineralisation of the two biochars.After 87 days, biochar350 addition caused priming effects equivalent to 250 and 319 μg CO₂-C g⁻¹ soil, in the low and high pH soil, respectively. The largest priming effects occurred at the start of the incubations. The size of the priming effect was decreased at higher biochar pyrolysis temperatures, which may be a way of controlling priming effects following biochar incorporation to soil, if desired. The priming effect was probably induced by the water soluble components of the biochar. At 87 days of incubation, 0.14% and 0.18% of biochar700 and 0.61% and 0.84% of biochar350 were mineralized in the low and high pH soil, respectively. Ryegrass addition gave an increased biochar350 mineralisation of 33% and 40%, and increased biochar700 at 137% and 70%, in the low and high pH soils, respectively. Certainly, on the basis of our results, if biochar is used to sequester carbon a priming effect may occur, increasing CO₂-C evolved from soil and decreasing soil organic C. However, this will be more than compensated for by the increased soil C caused by biochar incorporation. A similar conclusion holds for accelerated mineralisation of biochar due to incorporation of fresh labile substrates. We consider that our results are the first to unequivocally demonstrate the initiation, progress and termination of a true positive priming effect by biochar on native soil organic C.