Erfolgreiche Bekämpfung der Orientalischen Schabe (Blatta orientalis) (L.) (Blattodea,Blattidae) and Hand eines Beispieles aus der Praxis

Zusammenfassung Die Orientalische Schabe (Blatta orientalis) wird in komplizierten Bekämpfungsterrains oft erfolglos bekämpft. Anhand eines Beispieles aus der Praxis werden Möglichkeiten aufgezeigt, wie man erfolgreich gegen die Orientalische Schabe vorgehen kann. Als entscheidender Gesichtspunkt wird die Aufspürung der Refugien angesehen. Die Orientalische Schabe zeigt eine hohe Affinität zu ihren Refugien. Die verschiedenen Bekämpfungsmethoden sollten sinnvoll kombiniert und aufeinander abgestimmt werden. Noch zu oft werden moderne Methoden der Schabenbekämpfung nicht angewendet und damit wichtige Einsatzmöglichkeiten vergeben. Die Ergebnisse der Arbeit vonFuchs, 1987) zum Verhalten vonBlatta orientalis sollten den Schädlingsbekämpfern auf Weiterbildungsveranstaltungen vermittelt werden.

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Successful control of the Oriental cockroach (Blatta orientalis) (L.) (Blattodea, Blattidae) demonstrated by way of an example of real control

Attempts to control the Oriental cockroach (Blatta orienitalis) have often failed in complex territories. An example of real control is presented to demonstrate how the Oriental cockroach can be satisfactorily controlled. Tracking down the refuges of the pests is considered the decisive approach to control. The Oriental cockroach shows a close affinity for its refuges. The various methods of control should be usefully combined and coordinated. It has been found that modern methods of cockroach control are not adopted in a great many cases and, therefore, potential fields of application are not adequately used. The results of the work ofFuchs (1987) investigating the behaviour ofBlatta orientalis should be conveyed to pest control experts in training courses.

     

Spatial structure of wood composites in relation to processing and performance characteristics

Summary A rationale is presented for developing a mathematical model which describes a randomly packed, short-fibre-type wood composite. The model will utilize probability theory to insure random packing both in terms of flake position and orientation. Knowledge about the spatial relationship between wood elements will be used, in future, to predict a number of physical parameters associated with the composite structure. This will be accomplished by first developing a single-layer-flake model and subsequently proceeding to a multi-layer mat structure.Financial support for this work from NSERC/Canada through a strategic research grant is gratefully acknowledged     

Preparation and properties of oligoesterified wood blocks based on anhydride and epoxide

Summary Preparation and properties of oligoesterified woods in the form of block are reviewed. The oligoesterified wood blocks are prepared by stepwise addition reactions of dicarboxylic acid anhydride and epichlorohydrin (EpCl), or one-step chemical treatment with reactant solution of the anhydride and EpCl. Among the preparation methods investigated, the heating-suction method is industrially advantageous. In this method, wood blocks impregnated with the reactant solution are heated and then subjected to suction under reduced pressure and heating, to remove unreacted reactant solution. The oligoesterified wood blocks thus obtained contain oligoester chains formed by the alternate additions of the anhydride and EpCl to OH groups of wood. They also contain small amounts of free oligomers not linked with the wood matrix. Their dimensional stabilities against moisture and water become greater with increase in the apparent total weight increase due to the oligoester chains and the free oligomers. The oligoesterified wood blocks based on phthalic anhydride-EpCl are industrially promising, and exhibit higher compressive and flexural strenghts, greater chemical resistance, electric insulation, and much lower water absorption than untreated wood block. Furthermore, excellent resistances are observed against weathering and biodeterioration.     

Integrated Pest Management of stored-product insects: practical utilization of pheromones

The use of pheromones is one of the most promising techniques aimed at the control of stored-product insects. The use of these substances may lead to a drastic reduction of chemical treatments, thus determining remarkable economic advantages and improvement of product quality.In recent years, considerable progress has been made in monitoring and control of stored-product insects by using mass trapping, mating disruption and attracticide (lure and kill) methods.Integrated strategies based on the use of different treatments have yielded the best results. An important role should be assigned to all prevention techniques which effectively keep infested goods out of food-processing plants, mills, storehouses, etc.     

Active enzymes in wood chips and their action on lignin during outside storage

Summary Wood storage has a great influence on the efficiency of a pulpmill. Great problems arise when using outside chip storage, especially in processing hardwoods, in that hardwood chips discolorate after a few days, which is not the case with spruce chips. The causes of such a different behavior of beech and spruce were investigated. It could be shown that a sufficient amount of active peroxidase, malate dehydrogenase and oxygen are prerequisites for the formation of phenoxy radicals within the beech lignin. This causes formation of new chromophores that discolorize the wood. Sufficient amounts of such enzymes are present in beech wood after harvesting.     

A new rating scale for screening plant genotypes against root-knot and reniform nematodes

A new rating scale is given which enables more reliable and accurate greenhouse and field assessment of damage by rootknot and reniform nematodes on their host crops. It is based mainly on number of egg masses per plant, reproduction factor, and different levels of statistical probabilities. It should be of use both to nematologists and plant breeders. Other rating schemes have been reviewed.     

Über Parasitierung und Farbformen des LärchenbockesTetropium gabrieli Weise (Col., Cerambycidae) in Südtirol

In June of 1984 lying stems of larch trees were heaveliy attacked by the larch cerambycidT. gabrieli near Brixen/South Tyrol. From 229 larvae 134 adultTetropium and 95 larval parasites (=41%) emerged. The parasite species were:Rhimphoctona lucida Clém. (Hym., Ichneum.) 55 indiv.;Helcon dentator F. (Hym., Bracon.) 1 indiv., andBillaea triangulifera Zett. (Dipt., Tachin.) 39 indiv. These results are compared with those got bySchimitschek (1929) in ?SR and Lower Austria. Furthermore the different colour formes of the population ofTetropium occurred near Brixen are examined.     

Orussus abietinus Scop. (Hym., Orussoidea) als Parasit der Larve des WellenbockesSemanotus undatus L. (Col., Cerambycidae)

Eight percent of larvae ofSemanotus undatus in a heavyly attacked fir trunk were parasitized byOrussus abietinus. Only few host species are known of the rare Orussidae, which had formerly been wrongly allocated to the wood wasps (Siricidae). The Orussidae form part of the sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta), although they are their only family not to have vegetarian habits; instead they have parasitarian habits similar to the parasitical wasps.     

Effects of oil of cloves and citronellol, two commercially available repellents, against the webbing clothes mothTineola bisselliella Hum. (Lepidoptera: Tineidae)

Tineola bisselliella is a common pest on natural fabrics of economic importance. Two commercially available repellents for use against adult webbing clothes moths were tested for their efficacy in dual- and no-choice bioassays. Oil of cloves and citral in combination, as well as citronellol scented with oil of lavender showed promising repellent effects for 4 weeks when applied in small compartments of a wardrobe. Although the repellent efficacy was not 100% under the conditions tested, the usage of essential oils in combination with other infestation prevention techniques is discussed.

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Zusammenfassung Die KleidermotteTineola bisselliella Hum. ist einer der wirtschaftlich bedeutenden tierischen Wollzerstörer. Auch Pelze, Felle, Polsterhaare und Federn werden von dem weit verbreiteten Kleinschmetterling aus der Familie der Tineidae befallen. In der Praxis gilt es vor allem Kleidungsstücke, die z. B. saisonbedingt für längere Zeit ungenutzt in einem Kleiderschrank aufbewahrt werden, vor dem Befall durch die Kleidermotte zu schützen. Hierfür stehen dem Verbraucher neben den konventionellen Bekämpfungsmitteln mit den Wirkstoffen Kampfer, Naphthalin und Paradichlorbenzol sowie pyrethrum- und pyrethroidhaltige Mittel auch Präparate zur Verfügung, die auf die repellierende Wirkung von ätherischen Ölen zurückgreifen. Die abstoßende Wirkung von Nelkenöl in Kombination mit Citral und von Citronellol parfümiert mit Lavendelöl auf die Falter der Kleidermotte wurde auf vergleichbare Eigenschaften untersucht. In Wahlversuchen wurden deutliche Repellent-Wirkungen der Mottenschutz-Präparate sichtbar. Die Präparate zeigten gute Wirkungen, wenn sie zum Schutz gegen den Zuflug von Kleidermotten an wollhaltigen Stoffen in kleinen Kompartimenten eines Kleiderschrankes ausgelegt waren. Auch in Zwangsversuchen hatte dieser Befund zum Teil Bestand. Bei längeren Versuchszeiten wurden allerdings verstärkt Fraßschäden durch Larven an den Wollstoffen festgestellt. Dies ist darauf zurückzuführen, daß Mottenweibchen nicht mehr in dem Maße repelliert wurden und ihre Eier an den Stoffen ablegten.

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This article reports the results of research only. Mention of a proprietary product or pesticide does not constitute an endorsement or a recommendation for its use by the Federal Biological Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry or by the USDA-ARS.