Buchbesprechungen

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Wirksamkeit des Kieselgurpräparates Dryacide® gegen vorratsschädliche Insekten

The diatomaceous earth (DE) Dryacide^® was tested under laboratory conditions on surfaces (2 g DE/m²) and in wheat grain (3 kg DE/t wheat) at a relative humidity of 70±5% and a temperature of 22±1°C. The wheat had a moisture content of 14.5%. The effect of surface treatments was tested onEphestia kuehniella, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Tenebrio molitor andTribolium castaneum. The efficacy of grain treatments was determined usingEphestia elutella, O. surinamensis, Sitophilus granarius andTribolium confusum. In both treatments adult and larval stages were included.100% mortality were reached with the surface treatments in adults and larvae ofO. surinamensis and the adults ofT. molitor andE. kuehniella after an exposition time of 3–9 days. AgainstT. castaneum and the larvae ofT. molitor andE. kuehniella no complete control could be achieved.In the grain treatments the dosage of 3 kg DE/t wheat reached 100% mortality in all tested pests exceptS. granarius. Most sensitive wereO. surinamensis andE. elutella. InT. confusum the adults died within 13 days of treatment, but for complete control of the larvae 13 weeks were necessary. AgainstS. granarius the silica dust showed no satisfactory efficacy, because 49 days after beginning of the examinations beetles of the progeny hatched. Dryacide^® could not prevent the reproduction of the granary weevil, but there was a lower number of progeny compared to the untreated control.     

Modelling agroforestry systems of cacao (Theobroma cacao) with laurel (Cordia alliodora) and poro (Erythrina poeppigiana) in Costa Rica

The agroforestry systems of cacao (Theobroma cacao) under laurel (Cordia alliodora) and cacao under poro (Erythrina poeppigiana) were studied at CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica. An inventory was taken of the organic matter and nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) separating the species into their compartments (leaves, branches, trunks and roots). Studies of the litter and of the mineral soil (0–45 cm) yielded these results: Patterns of nutrient accumulation are discussed in relation to the characteristics of these agroforestry systems.     

On the rearing of the aphid lion,Chrysoperla carnea Steph. (Neuroptera,Chrysopidae) on artificially paralized preys

Full-grown paralyzed larvae ofSpodoptera littoralis, Phthorimaea operculella andAnagasta kuebniella were used as preys for rearingChrysoperla canea larvae.P. operculella induced the shortest larval period, the lowest larval or pupal mortality, highest percent of emergence, longest adult longevity and maximum productivity. Using mature larvae ofS. littoralis gave intermediate values between those reported forP. operculella andA. kuebniella.     

Weathering characteristics of hardwood surfaces

Summary Four hardwoods, red oak, white oak, yellow-poplar, and sweetgum, were exposed to outdoor weathering and to artificial ultraviolet (UV) light with wavelengths of >220 and >254 nm. Discoloration and loss of brightness were observed from all specimens regardless of their exposure conditions. White oak and sweetgum changed color at a slower rate than did red oak and yellow-poplar. SEM micrographs showed that all wood species exhibited surface deterioration after 30 days exposure to sunlight or 500 hrs to UV light. Loss of middle lamella, separation of procumbent cells, and damage of pit structures were observed on transverse sections for all species. ESCA studies revealed a high oxygen content at the wood surfaces indicating severe oxidation of wood exposed either outdoors or to artificial UV light. The generation of new chromophoric groups such as carbonyls, carboxylic acids and quinones, and the loss of lignin at the oxidized surface were demonstrated experimentally by infrared studies.This study was supported by cooperative research funds provided by the U.S. Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin. The authors wish to acknowledge this support     

Unterschiede im Anflugverhalten von Lymantria monacha L. und L. dispar L. an razemisches Disparlur

The attraction of the Nun Moth (L. monacha) and Gypsy Moth (L. dispar) to sticky traps (0.5×1.0 m) baited with racemic disparlure was tested in the forestry district of Freiburg-Stadt. A total of 81 traps were baited alternately with 0.01 mg (10^?5), 1 mg (10^?3) disparlure (diluted in pentane) and control (pentane only). Male pupae ofL. monacha (10.102; 19.5–12.6) andL. dispar (5.532; 14.6–4.7.) were placed in the center of the test area before the flight period of the natural population. Of 6.834L. monacha and 4.990L. dispar moths that emerged, 365 (=5.3%) and 329 (=6.6%) respectively were recaptured on the traps. During the flight of the natural population, 274L. monacha (3.7–26.8.) and 818L. dispar (14.7–3.9.) were collected from the traps. With a few exceptions, the traps were examined daily. No significant difference was noticed in the behavior of the laboratory-reared insects and the natural population.     

Olfactory reactions ofCryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant (Col., Coccinellidae) andChrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neur., Chrysopidae) in relation to period of starvation

In a laboratory study, it was tried to measure the extent of olfactory responses of two predators namelyCryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant andChrysoperla carnea (Stephens) to their respective preys at varied levels of their starvation. Results indicated that both the predators, irrespective of their developmenta stage, oriented more positively to their preys odour when they were deprived of food for certain period of time than they did so when tested directly without subjecting them to starvation. The first, second, third and fourth instar larvae and adults ofC. montrouzieri showed maximum response at 4 h, 8 h, 12 h, 12 h and 24 h of starvation, respectively. Similarly, the larvae ofC. carnea responded maximum with 4 h, 8 h and 12 h of hunger in first, second and third instar, respectively. However it was also evident that the continued starvation for more than certain ideal period affected the predators olfactory orientation negatively. But the adults ofC. montrouzieri differed slightly in their behavior as they could respond positively for comparatively longer period of starvation.

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Zusammenfassung In Laborversuchen wurde das Ausmaß der olfaktorischen Reaktionen der beiden PrädatorenCryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant undChrysoperla carnea (Stephens) auf deren BeuteinsektenPlanococcus citri Risso respektiveAcyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) und in Abhängigkeit von der Dauer einer vorangegangenen Hungerperiode, namentlich 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 und 24 Stunden, ermittelt. Wie die Ergebnisse belegen, reagieren beide Prädatoren-Arten unabhängig vom jeweiligen Entwicklungsstadium stärker auf den Geruch ihrer Beute, wenn sie zuvor eine bestimmte Zeit unter Ausschluß von Nahrung gehalten worden waren. Dabei zeigte sich bei den Larven beider Arten ein typischer Verlauf der Attraktivität durch die Beute, nach dem diese mit zunehmender Dauer der Hungerperiode zunächst zunahm, um nach einem Maximum wieder deutlich abzufallen. Dieser Verlauf erwies sich für die einzelnen Larvenstadien als unterschiedlich. So wurde fürC. montrouzieri das Maximum bei den L₁-Larven mit durchschnittlich 9,33 von 15 durch die Beute angelockten Individuen bereits nach einer Hungerperiode von 4 h erreicht, für die L₂ jedoch mit 9,50 Individuen erst nach 8 und für die L₃ sowie L₄ erst nach 12 h mit 8,83 respektive 9,17 Individuen. Lediglich bei denC. montrouzieri-Adulten war eine kontinuierliche Zunahme der Attraktivität der Beute während des Untersuchungszeitraums von 24 h festzustellen, wobei das Maximum bei 10,00 Individuen lag. Analog wurde für das ersteC. carnea-Larvenstadium bei einer 4stündigen Hungerperiode mit 55,5% attrahierten Individuen das Maximum erreicht, wohingegen das zweite Stadium mit 61,1% bei der 8- und das dritte mit 65,5% bei der 12stündigen Hungerperiode die maximale Attraktion durch die Beute aufwies.

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With one table and one figure     

An artificial diet for shrews (Soricidae)

The common shrew (Sorex araneus L.) and the pygmy shrew (S. minutus L.) could be raised for several months in captivity using the tupaii food Altromin 8010^®. The artificial diet was well accepted and the animals increased in weight.     

Zur Biologie, Ökologie und hygienischen Bedeutung von Anopheles messeae messeae Falleroni 1926 (Diptera,Culicidae)

In connection with the consideration on the annual cycle and the population dynamics ofAnopheles messeae messeae Fall. in the surroundings of Munich/ West-Germany the effects of the different ecological conditions are discussed. The following factors and connexions are considered: the sphere of life of the larvae; the temperature of water and the pH beneath the surface of the biotopes during the period of development of the larvae; representatives of the accessary flora and fauna as possible booindicators and the importance of many of these species as factors of limitation for the larvae. A view is given of the annual cycle ofA. m. messeae and the possible causes for the considerable reduction of its population in the months after the maximum of July. Finally remarks are made on the higienical importance ofA. m. messeae.