计算机视觉在蘑菇采摘机器人上的应用

介绍了蘑菇采摘机器人的工作过程,并重点讨论了它的计算机视觉系统的图象分析所采用的基本算法。主要内容为蘑菇和苗床图象信息的数字特征;提取蘑菇边界所用的算法;封闭曲线的周长、面积和闭曲线中心坐标的计算。对现场获取的图象信息进行分析,所得到的结果与实际情况吻合,表明所采用的算法是有效的。     

Alleviation of salt stress by increasing potassium sulphate doses in four medicinal and aromatic plants

In this study, the effects of potassium doses (control, 150, 300 and 450?mg K₂SO₄ kg^?1) and salt stress (control, 100?mM NaCl) on the yield and some element content of four medicinal and aromatic (Coriandrum sativum, Anethum graveolens, Ocimum basilicum and Foeniculum vulgare) plants were investigated in climate chamber. Both salinity and K fertiliser levels affected the fresh and dry weight of all evaluated plants. Anethum graveolens, Ocimum basilicum species are more sensitive to salinity, particularly at the vegetative productive stages. The highest fresh and dry weights of leaves, stems, roots and herb in Coriandrum sativum and Foeniculum vulgare species was observed in 300?mg?kg^?1 fertiliser applications. In general, there was a relatively consistent and positive correlation between root element content and aerial parts element content. The result of the present study showed that NaCl treatment caused an increase in Na⁺ concentration, and a decrease in K⁺ and Ca⁺² concentration in Coriandrum sativum, Anethum graveolens, Ocimum basilicum and Foeniculum vulgare. There was an interaction between K₂SO₄ application and salinity effects on Na⁺ concentration in the all evaluated plants. Given the experimental results, especially Foeniculum vulgare and Coriandrum sativum species were the most resistant to salt stress.     

Nutrients in the West African Sudano-Sahelian zone: Losses,transfers and role of external inputs

Crop growth on acid sandy soils of the Sudano-Sahelian zone is primarily limited by the low amounts of organic matter and available mineral nutrients in the topsoil. The shortening of fallow periods with population growth, the exploitation of fire wood, spatial nutrient transfers by wind and water and net nutrient exports with crop yields in the order of 15 kg nitrogen (N) 2 kg phosphorus (P) and 15 kg potassium (K) ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ for traditional fields planted to pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) in the southern Sahel have exhausted these resources. Large productivity declines in the prevailing agro-pastoral systems are the consequence. Data are presented to show bow nutrient exports at the level of individual fields, through grain yields and biomass removal as forage, firewood, construction material, and also through run-off, wind and water erosion, leaching and volatilisation, are either losses for the ecosystem or sources of nutrients transferred within the ecosystem. Livestock is a vector of nutrients from rangelands to manured fields through forage intake and excretion and helps to shortcut nutrient cycles, but it is also a net consumer of organic matter and minerals. Through the effects of trampling on the soil and of grazing on the vegetation composition and production, livestock also indirectly affects the cycling and transfer of nutrients. Net nutrient inputs by heavy rains causing overland flow, dust deposition and through biological nitrogen fixation, are also unequally distributed and thus aggravate the fertility gradient from large nutrient ‘source’ areas such as rangelands to small ‘sink’ areas such as fallows, low lands, temporary lakes and river benches. At a finer resolution, shrubs and trees with their alternating periods of nutrient storage and recycling in leaves and wood, micro-depressions, termite mounts and ant nests become localised points of nutrient concentration and high crop productivity. To balance losses of nutrients in these integrated systems and to obtain sustainable increases in production, external inputs of nutrients are necessary. These may be introduced by two different pathways, either via mineral fertilisers applied to croplands or via externally produced supplements fed to livestock. These pathways are complementary and each one has direct effects on the other. Fertiliser application to croplands affect livestock through the increase in available forage and crop residue feed, whereas feed supplementation affects crop production through higher amounts and better quality of manure. The adoption of either strategy by farmers requires a high nutrient use efficiency at low cost. Data from regional field trials revealed increases in total dry matter (TDM) of cereals with broadcast annual P application at 13 kg ha⁻¹ ranging across three years from 19 to 88% for rockphosphate and from 34 to 102% for single superphosphate (SSP). Still, a low-external input approach seemed more advantageous to farmers. The placement of NPK fertiliser at 4 kg P ha⁻¹ with the seed at or shortly after planting caused average TDM increases of 70% for millet, sorghum, maize, cowpea and groundnut and showed an up to three-fold higher phosphorus use efficiency than broadcast P. On the other hand, late dry season supplementation of grazing steers with millet bran not only decreased animal weight losses but also increased N and P concentrations in the faeces. The larger nutrient concentrations in the manure increased millet grain yield by 28% and stover yield by 21% on a field manured at a rate of 3 t DM ha⁻¹. However, even with such approaches the current trends of declining soil productivity can only be reversed, if local policy makers are willing to support agricultural change through better terms of trade for agricultural products.     

Delayed harvest of reed canary grass translocates more nutrients in rhizomes

Abstract

Two field experiments, one in large plots and the other in small framed plots, were conducted in Umeå, northern Sweden. The objectives were (1) to examine the seasonal patterns of rhizome growth and nutrient dynamics of the energy crop reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) in ley I and II, and (2) to evaluate the roles of soil type (mineral vs. organic), fertilisation level (0, 50, and 100 kg N ha^?1s), and season/harvest time (Oct-96, May-97, and Aug-97) on the rhizome growth and nutrient dynamics by means of a factorially designed experiment. The general pattern of rhizome growth was that biomass was low in June during initiation of shoot growth, but increased steadily during the growing season, reached a peak in late autumn, and remained high until next spring. The N and P accumulation in rhizomes followed a similar pattern. During ley years I and II, reed canary grass rhizome growth was less dependent on soil type, and more dependent on fertilisation and season, with fertilisation being the most important predictor of growth. The season/harvest time, followed by soil type, was the most important factor for both concentrations and therefore total uptake of N, P, and K in rhizomes. Soil type affected N content in rhizomes significantly, and also interacted with season and enhanced the effect on N, P, and K content in rhizomes. The seasonal dynamics of the nutrient content in rhizomes indicate a remobilisation of the nutrients from rhizomes to the regrowth of shoots and roots in spring and relocation/storage from aboveground shoots to rhizomes during late summer and autumn. The results of this study suggest that delaying the harvest to later than October would result in considerably more energy and nutrient resources being translocated from aboveground shoots to rhizomes for growth in the next season.     

The derivation of grassland vegetation types on the basis of site and land use characteristics

This study derives grassland communities from site, climate and land use characteristics, allowing yield estimation within the framework of model scenarios. Based on the dominant species, about 450 relevés, primarily of extensively used grassland from four regions of the North-East German lowlands, were classified into vegetation types using a cluster analysis. These types were then reclassified to known phytosociological communities. The relationship between the vegetational composition and the abiotic explanatory variables were verified by a discriminant analysis. The water supply level proved to be the most important factor influencing grassland vegetation. The impact of historical land use (especially the persistence of formerly sown species) reduced prognostic quality.     

Effect of Organic Materials on Yields and Nutrient Accumulation of Wheat

ABSTRACT

This experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions using a sandy clay loam treated with garbage and mushroom composts, cattle and chicken manures, or municipal sludge at rates of 0, 30, or 60 ton ha^?1. The organic materials were applied to the pots and incubated for 15 d. The soil samples were watered at field capacity. In this experiment, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was used as a test crop. At the end of the experiment, it was found that treating sandy clay loam with the organic materials increased plant total and grain yields, protein content, 1000-kernel weight, number of grains in spike, and accumulation of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn) by wheat compared with the control treatment, depending on the organic material applications. Thus, the increases were found to be statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05). Among the types of organic materials, the sewage sludge was the most effective material in increasing N, P, K, Fe, Zn, and Mn content of leaf, grain, and stem samples of the wheat plant. It was followed by mushroom compost and cattle manure. Based on the results, sewage sludge and garbage compost are suggested for use as an amendment for the soil studied. Comparing the beneficial effects of the organic materials applied for improving plant growth and nutrient accumulation, the materials can be arranged in the following descending order: municipal sludge > chicken manure > cattle manure > garbage compost > mushroom compost. It is suggested that recycling of organic materials for agricultural usage as an organic-matter resource is an alternative, organic fertilization option in Turkey.     

The influence of plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria on growth and enzyme activities in wheat and spinach plants

A pot experiment in a greenhouse was conducted in order to investigate the effect of different N₂‐fixing, phytohormone‐producing, and P‐solubilizing bacterial species on wheat and spinach growth and enzyme activities. Growth parameters and the activities of four enzymes, glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD; EC 1.1.1.49), 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD; EC 1.1.1.44), glutathione reductase (GR; EC 1.8.1.7), and glutathione S‐transferase (GST; EC 2.5.1.18) were determined in the leaves of wheat (Triticum aestivum L., Konya) and spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), noninoculated and inoculated with nine plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR: Bacillus cereus RC18, Bacillus licheniformis RC08, Bacillus megaterium RC07, Bacillus subtilis RC11, Bacillus OSU‐142, Bacillus M‐13, Pseudomonas putida RC06, Paenibacillus polymyxa RC05 and RC14). Among the strains used in the present study, six PGPR exhibited nitrogenase activity and four were efficient in phosphate solubilization; all bacterial strains were efficient in indole acetic acid (IAA) production and significantly increased growth of wheat and spinach. Inoculation with PGPR increased wheat shoot fresh weight by 16.2%–53.8% and spinach shoot fresh weight by 2.2%–53.4% over control. PGPR inoculation gave leaf area increases by 6.0%–47.0% in wheat and 5.3%–49.3% in spinach. Inoculation increased plant height by 2.2%–24.6% and 1.9%–36.8% in wheat and spinach, respectively. A close relationship between plant growth and enzyme activities such as G6PD, 6PGD, GR, and GST was demonstrated. Plant‐growth response was variable and dependent on the inoculant strain, enzyme activity, plant species, and growth parameter evaluated. In particular, the N₂‐fixing bacterial strains RC05, RC06, RC14, and OSU‐142 and the P‐solubilizing strains RC07 and RC08 have great potential in being formulated and used as biofertilizers.     

水稻单片段替换系群体的建立及QTL定位

水稻中许多重要的农艺性状属数量性状，由多基因(QTL)控制。研究QTL的遗传特性和遗传效应对于培育高产和稳产的水稻品种具有十分重要的意义。本研究以6个优良的品种为供体亲本，以华粳籼74为轮回亲本，通过微卫星标记辅助回交选择培育了一批单片段替换系，随后利用所培育的单片段替换系进行了QTL分析和基因定位。主要结果有：1、利用258个微卫星标记对6个供体亲本和轮回亲本间的多态性进行了筛选。6个供体亲本与轮回亲本间的多态率在32．98％至60．78％之间，平均47．81％，粳型供体亲本比籼型供体亲本的多态性要高。2、随着回交代数的增加，植株所含的替换片段数逐渐减少。在BC2F1、BC3F1、BC3F2和BC3F3代，平均每个植株携带有12．50、5．98、1．69和1．46个替换片段。替换片段的平均长度也随回交和自交代数的增加而逐渐变短。在BC2F1、BC3F1、BC3F2和BC3F3代，替换片段的平均长度分别为25．43cM、22．38cM、20．78cM和18．15cM.回交世代替换片段变短的速率(11．99％)比自交世代变短速率(7．15％)要快。在BC2F1、BC3Fl、BC3F2和BC3F3代，轮回亲本基因组的恢复率分别为82．24％、92．55％、98．04％j阳98．52％。3、在BC3F2和BC3F3代，共选育出111个单片段替换系，其中独一无二的单片段替换系共42个。BC3F2代替换系中替换片段的估算长度在2．00cM到64．80cM之间，平均为21．75cM，而BC3F3代中替换片段的估算长度在6．05cM到48．90cM之间，平均为20．95cMc，12条染色体中仅第11染色体没有选择到单片段替换系。所选育的单片段替换系中替换片段的总长为2367．50cM，基因组的覆盖长度为704．50cM，覆盖率为39．25％。4、在52个单片段替换系的22个性状中共鉴定出了234个QTL。每个性状鉴定出的QTL数在3到19个之间，平均4．50个。每个替换系鉴定出的QTL在2到15个之间，平均10．64个。QTL加性效应的大小因性状和替换系不同而不同，低至-0．02(0．79％)的加性效应(如谷粒宽度)均能检测到。在RM237．RM322、RM225和RM481标记附近的各种性状中同时检测到了增效和减效的QTL。5、通过染色体替换作图，对7个单片段替换系中16个性状的QTL进行了定位。利用携带有相同替换片段的替换系进行QTL位置的确定。6、通过分析复杂性状的加性效应，对影响植高、每穗粒数和粒型的相关性状进行了分析，分析QTL之间的相关性。7、对控制抽穗期、稃尖颜色、植株高度和粒型的基因进行了定位。抽穗期基因Hd-8表现为单基因显性遗传，定位于第8染色体上，与PSMl55紧密连锁。紫色稃尖基因Pa-6表现为单基因显性遗传，定位于第6染色体上，与RM253紧密连锁。株高基因Ph-1-3定位于第1染色体上，与PSM331紧密连锁。粒型基因Rlw-8-2为首次报道，定位于第8染色体的末端，与RM447紧密连锁，长粒表现为单基因隐性遗传。本研究通过分子标记辅助选择培育了一批单片段替换系，并成功地对这批材料进行了QTL分析和基因定位，从而证实了在水稻中通过微卫星标记辅助回交选育单片段替换系和进行QTL分析的可行性。