水稻F1花粉不育基因的精细定位及其遗传分化研究

水稻籼粳亚种间杂种的不育性限制了亚种间的遗传交流和杂种优势利用。本研究通过发展位置特异性的微卫星标记将F1花粉不育基因S-6座位进行了精细定位；通过分析近等基因系中代换片段的遗传效应，鉴定出了F1花粉不育基因S-d座位，利用位置特异性的微卫星标记将S-d进行了定位；根据基因组的序列资料和利用较大的作图群体对S-6和S-d两个座位进行了物理作图；通过分子标记辅助选择培育了一批复等位基因近等基因系，对育性基因的遗传分化进行了研究。取得了如下主要结果：1、根据S-6座位初步定位的结果发展位置特异性的微卫星标记，将F1花粉不育基因座S-6进行了精细定位。结果表明多态性标记均与S-6座位紧密连锁，其中R830STS、PSM7、PSM8、PSM9、．PSM59和PSM60位于S-6座位一端，与S-6座位遗传距离分别为1．5cM、1．2cM、0．9cM、0．9cM、0．9cM和0．9cM，而PSM202、PSM206、PSM208、RMl3、R2213SSTS和RM413位于S-6座位的另一端，与S-6座位的遗传距离分别为0．9cM、2．1cM、3．8cM、4．1cM、4．4cM和5．3cM。2、根据S-6座位精细定位的结果，从IRGSP下载了S-6座位所在区域克隆的序列，将克隆的序列进行了拼接，同时将与S-6座位紧密连锁的分子标记与序列拼接图进行了电子整合。根据整合的结果发展位置特异性的微卫星标记和STS标记，利用500株的作图群体，最终将S-6座位界定在PSM8与PSM215之间182．2kb的范围，其中PSM214、T17、T18和T19与S-6座位完全连锁。3、通过对近等基因系E11-5中代换片段遗传效应的分析，在第1染色体的代换片段上鉴定出一个新的F1花粉不育基因座S-d。根据基因组的序列发展位置特异性的微卫星标记将S-d座位进行了定位。结果表明多态性标记均与S-d座位紧密连锁，其中PSM27、PSM24、．PSM26、PSM23、PSM31、PSM25、PSM37、PSM41、PSM42、PSM43、．PSM44、．PSMl2和PSMl3位于S-d座位的一端，与S-d座位的遗传距离分别为10．6cM、7．2cM、7．2cM、6．8cM、6．8cM、6．4cM、6．4cM、4．8cM、4．8cM、3．2cM、1．6cM、0．4cM和0．4cM，而RM84、RM86、RM323、RMl和RM283位于S-d座位的另一端，与S-d座位的遗传距离分别为3．8cM、4．6cM、6．7cM、7．5cM和8．7cM。4、根据S—d座位定位的结果，从IRGSP下载了S-d座位所在区域克隆的序列，将克隆的序列进行了拼接，同时将与S-d紧密连锁的分子标记与序列拼接图进行了电子整合。根据整合的结果发展位置特异性的微卫星标记和STS标记，利用2160株的作图群体，最终将S-d座位界定在67．8kb的范围内，其中PSM93和PSM74位于S-d座位的两侧且各与S-d仅有一个重组，而PSM95、PSM96、T1和T2与S-d座位完全连锁。RiceGAAS注释分析表明在此区段有17个ORF。，其中3个ORF可能与杂种不育性有关。BLAST分析表明此段序列籼粳之间的同源性较低，这也可能是杂种不育的一个原因。5、通过分子标记辅助选择，在F1花粉不育基因s-n、s-6、s-c和s-d座位各培育了一批复等位基因近等基因系，测交分析表明各不育基因座位上的不育基因不仅分化为相对的S^i和S^j，而且基因型类型相同的复等位基因的遗传分化也达到了显著差异的水平。携带有多个复等位基因的近等基因系的测交分析表明，复等位基因近等基因系的遗传效应为各基因座位遗传效应的累加，各基因的遗传效应相互独立，彼此间无相互作用。     

Character analysis and numerical classification in a wheat collection from Sicily

Summary A study was undertaken using 48 characters observed in plants, spikes and seeds in order to determine the amount of information of different characters and their taxonomic importance in tetraploid wheat samples from Sicily. A classification of the material was also attempted using similarity indices.The most important characters appear: leaf pubescence, glume colour and length, and seed colour. Using all characters, similarity indices among samples were computed and a classification was worked out. This classification, which is very similar to those proposed by various scientists, produces hierarchical groups, showing different levels of merging, and offers very interesting hypotheses on the evolution of the Siciliandurum wheats.

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Merkmalsanalyse und numerische Klassifikation an einer Weizen-Kollektion aus Sizilien

Zusammenfassung Untersucht wurden 48 Pflanzen-, Ähren- und Kornmerkmale an Proben tetraploider Weizen aus Sizilien, um den Informationsgehalt unterschiedlicher Merkmale und ihren taxonomischen Wert zu erfassen. Anhand von Ähnlichkeitsindices wurde auch eine Klassifikation des Materials vorgenommen.Als bedeutsamste Merkmale erscheinen: Blattpubeszenz, Spelzenfarbe und-länge und Kornfarbe. Auf der Grundlage aller Merkmale wurden Ähnlichkeitsindices zwischen den Proben errechnet und eine Klassifikation ausgearbeitet. Diese ist den Klassifikationen anderer Wissenschaftler sehr ähnlich, ergibt hierarchische Gruppen mit unterschiedlichem Ähnlichkeitsniveau und ermöglicht die Aufstellung einer interessanten Hypothese zur Evolution der sizilianischendurum- Weizen.

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EinBatrachospermum der Sektion Contorta Skuja aus Kuba

Zusammenfassung Es wird über ein Vorkommen der bisher nur aus China bekannten Süßwasser-RotalgeBatrachospermum intortum Jao 1941 an mehreren Standorten im gebirgigen Osten (Provinz Oriente) der Insel Kuba berichtet. Es dürfte sich um den ersten Nachweis der Gattung für diese Antilleninsel handeln.

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ABatrachospermum, Sect. Contorta Skuja from Cuba

Summary Batrachospermum intortum hitherto known only from China, was found on several localities in the mountainous eastern part of Cuba (Prov. Oriente). This may be the first report of the genus for this island.

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Batrachospermum Contorta Skuja

Batrachospermum intortum Jao 1941, , . ( ). .

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Ergebnisse der 1. Kubanisch-deutschen Alexander von Humboldt-Expedition 1967/68, Nr. 33.     

Nährstoffgehalte von lössboden-toposequenzen in südniedersachsen und franken unter dem einfluss der bodenerosion

This paper deals with the effects of soil erosion on the horizontal and vertical distribution of nutrients in loess soil topo-sequences in southern Lower Saxony and Frankonia (W. Germany). Each topo-sequence consists of three parts: an upper plateau (or edge of a piedmont plain) with little soil erosion up to now, a slope which as a whole has been eroded very much, and a slope foot which is covered with colluvial sediments. Compared to the pure loess the soils contain more K, Na, and P, and less Ca. The distribution of the nutrients within the investigated topo-sequences is caracterized by high contents of potassium on the slopes, provided that the A₁-horizon is eroded, so that the B¹-horizon has come to the surface. Finally it is considered whether the erosion-made differentiation of nutrients has negative or positive consequences on the productiveness of the arable soils.     

Growth of SiO2 at room temperature with the use of catalyzed sequential half-reactions

Films of silicon dioxide (SiO2) were deposited at room temperature by means of catalyzed binary reaction sequence chemistry. The binary reaction SiCl4 + 2H2O --> SiO2 + 4HCl was separated into SiCl4 and H2O half-reactions, and the half-reactions were then performed in an ABAB ellipsis sequence and catalyzed with pyridine. The pyridine catalyst lowered the deposition temperature from >600 to 300 kelvin and reduced the reactant flux required for complete reactions from approximately 10(9) to approximately 10(4) Langmuirs. Growth rates of approximately 2.1 angstroms per AB reaction cycle were obtained at room temperature for reactant pressures of 15 millitorr and 60-second exposure times with 200 millitorr of pyridine. This catalytic technique may be general and should facilitate the chemical vapor deposition of other oxide and nitride materials.     

Nile delta: the defunct pelusiac branch identified

The course of the ancient Pelusiac branch of the Nile River has been traced on a deltaic plain east of the Suez Canal, between the El Baqar Canal and Tell el Farama (ancient Pelusium). Two minor distributaries branched northward. The critical stage in the process of the silting up of the lower reaches of the Pelusiac branch, due to prograding beach accretion, occurred around A.D. 25. Ancient ruins in the area are closely associated with the courses.     

Konzeptbodenkarten für den städtischen Raum

Conception soil maps for urban areas The demand for soil maps increased strongly during the last years. This concerns urban soils, too. Conception soil maps constructed from a lot of basic informations (basic maps and point data) are the alternative to traditional soil mapping, which is expensive in time and money for urban areas. Further informations are to evaluate maps from these conception soil maps. Using graphic information-systems is advantageous for construction and evaluation.     

Sulfentrazone adsorbed on micelle-montmorillonite complexes for slow release in soil

Interactions of the herbicide sulfentrazone with the cationic surfactants octadecyltrimethylammonium (ODTMA), hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMA), and benzyldimethylhexadecylammonium (BDMHDA) have been studied for the design of slow-release formulations based on sulfentrazone adsorbed on a micelle-montmorillonite complex. Adsorbed amounts of sulfentrazone on ODTMA- and BDMHDA-montmorillonite complexes were 99.2-99.8% of that added, and desorption of herbicide in water during 24 h was low. After 10 washings in funnels with soil, only 2.6% of herbicide was released from ODTMA-montmorillonite formulations versus 100% release from the commercial formulation. The strong binding of sulfentrazone to micelles was confirmed by pH and spectroscopic measurements and was explained by the formation of ionic pairs between cationic surfactant and anionic herbicide. The ODTMA-clay and commercial formulations of sulfentrazone yield almost complete and 40% growth inhibition of green foxtail, respectively, at 700 g of active ingredient/ha. Hence, the slow release from micelle-clay formulations of sulfentrazone promotes its biological activity and reduces environmental contamination.