Clarification of Muscat musts using wheat proteins and the flotation technique

The bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, mad cow) crisis has led some wine-makers to question gelatin as a fining agent and to reject the use of these animal proteins. The search for a substitute for gelatin was begun by comparing vegetable proteins (particularly gluten) with gelatin fining treatments. Clairette de Die (French-controlled appellation) is a sparkling sweet wine. The alcoholic fermentation begins in a tank, continues in a crown-cap bottle, and stops before the complete consumption of sugar. All particles present in the bottle have to be removed before corking, and it is important to have a must as clear as possible. This study concerned the clarifying of a Muscat must, treated with pectinases, using a very efficient flotation technique. The must is fined with bentonite/silica/protein (fish gelatin, wheat gluten, or lupin isolate) to induce flocculation and then pressurized (6 bar). After depressurization, microbubbles cling to flocculates and climb to the top of the flotation tank (this flotation foam is clarified using a rotary filter). At laboratory scale, gluten (20 g/hL) and gelatin (10 g/hL) (each combined with bentonite and silica gel) gave turbidities of 50 and 35 NTU, respectively (6.5 and 4.1% of that of the nontreated must). The Muscat must was also clarified by static settling. The turbidity decreased by 86% for the gluten/bentonite fining and by 60% for the gelatin/bentonite fining. Visually, gluten flocculation takes longer to occur and flocculates sedimentation is longer than with gelati, but the removal of insoluble particles is more complete and leads to lower turbidities. At an industrial scale, gluten (20 g/hL) and gelatin (10 g/hL) (each combined with bentonite and silica gel) gave turbidities of 60 and 48 NTU, respectively. Turbidities measured in the tanks 14 h after the flotation showed a better efficiency for the wheat gluten (24 NTU) compared to gelatin (28 NTU). This is explained by the static settling that completed the clarifying effect of the flotation. The last experiment showed comparable efficiencies for wheat gluten and lupin proteins. BSE caused a situation of crisis (in Europe particularly) leading the public and wine-makers to lose their confidence in the use of gelatin as fining agent and to reject animal proteins in general. It is proposed here that vegetable proteins could efficiently replace gelatin.     

A multi-scale study of soil macrofauna biodiversity in Amazonian pastures

The influence of three spatially hierarchical factors upon soil macrofauna biodiversity was studied in four pasture plots in eastern Amazonia. The first factor was the local depth of the soil. The second factor was the ground cover type on the soil samples (bare ground, grass tufts, dead trees lying on the ground). The third factor was the dimensions of the grass tufts sampled (size and shape). The effect of each factor upon the morphospecies richness and density of total soil macrofauna was analysed. Detailed results are given for earthworms, termites, ants, beetles and spiders. All factors significantly affected the morphospecies richness and/or density of the soil macrofauna. The type of ground cover had the strongest influence, affecting the total richness and density of the soil macrofauna and of almost all the groups represented. The soil depth affected only the density of the termites and the global morphospecies richness. Interactions between soil depth and ground cover type affected the total macrofauna morphospecies richness and the density of the earthworms. The dimensions of the grass tuft influenced the global morphospecies richness, the morphospecies richness of the ants and the density of the spiders.     

Triacylglycerol analysis for the quantification of cocoa butter equivalents (CBE) in chocolate: feasibility study and validation

A new European legislation (2000/36/CE) has allowed the use of vegetable fats other than cocoa butter (CB) in chocolate up to a maximum value of 5% in the product. The vegetable fats used in chocolate are designated as cocoa butter replacements and are called cocoa butter equivalents (CBE). The feasibility of CBE quantification in chocolate using triacylglycerol (TAG) profiles was conducted by analyzing 55 samples of CBs and 31 samples of CBEs using a liquid chromatograph equipped with an evaporative light scattering detector (HPLC-ELSD). Statistical evaluation of the data obtained has been performed, and a simulation study has been carried out to assess the viability to use this method for quantifying the amount of CBE in real mixtures and in chocolates. The TAGs POP, POS, PLS, and the ratios POP/PLS, POS/PLP (P, palmityl; O, oleyl; S, stearyl; L, linoleyl) are particularly significant to discriminate between CB and CBE. Analysis of 50 mixtures between 5 different CBEs and 10 different CBs at 2 different concentration levels is presented. The data are visualized and interpreted. A mathematical model has been developed to assess the amount of CBE in real mixtures. This predictive model has been successfully applied and validated on dark chocolates including authorized CBE. The results are affected by +/-2.1% absolute average error. In particular, estimations between 10 and 20% of CBE show a very good match. On the other hand, values equal to or smaller than 5% show a larger prediction error (detection limit of the method). For the main purpose of this method (i.e., quantification of CBE at 5% max in chocolate, which represents about 15% of the total fat) this model shows very good results. For milk chocolate, the mathematical model can also be used if TAG are integrated from partition number (PN) 46 to 54. Consequently, the model proposed provides sufficient information to verify the real application of the European legislation.     

The V-antigen of Yersinia forms a distinct structure at the tip of injectisome needles

Many pathogenic bacteria use injectisomes to deliver effector proteins into host cells through type III secretion. Injectisomes consist of a basal body embedded in the bacterial membranes and a needle. In Yersinia, translocation of effectors requires the YopB and YopD proteins, which form a pore in the target cell membrane, and the LcrV protein, which assists the assembly of the pore. Here we report that LcrV forms a distinct structure at the tip of the needle, the tip complex. This unique localization of LcrV may explain its crucial role in the translocation process and its efficacy as the main protective antigen against plague.     

Buddenbrockia is a cnidarian worm

A major evolutionary divide occurs in the animal kingdom between the so-called radially symmetric animals, which includes the cnidarians, and the bilaterally symmetric animals, which includes all worm phyla. Buddenbrockia plumatellae is an active, muscular, parasitic worm that belongs to the phylum Myxozoa, a group of morphologically simplified microscopic endoparasites that has proved difficult to place phylogenetically. Phylogenetic analyses of multiple protein-coding genes demonstrate that Buddenbrockia is a cnidarian. This active muscular worm increases the known diversity in cnidarian body plans and demonstrates that a muscular, wormlike form can evolve in the absence of overt bilateral symmetry.     

Laser-induced ferroelectric structural order in an organic charge-transfer crystal

We report the direct observation by x-ray diffraction of a photoinduced paraelectric-to-ferroelectric structural phase transition using monochromatic 100-picosecond synchrotron pulses. It occurs in tetrathiafulvalene-p-chloranil, a charge-transfer molecular material in which electronic and structural changes are strongly coupled. An optical 300-femtosecond laser pulse switches the material from a neutral to an ionic state on a 500-picosecond time scale and, by virtue of intrinsic cooperativity, generates self-organized long-range structural order. The x-ray data indicate a macroscopic ferroelectric reorganization after the laser irradiation. Refinement of the structures before and after laser irradiation indicates structural changes at the molecular level.     

Deep Impact observations by OSIRIS onboard the Rosetta spacecraft

The OSIRIS cameras (optical, spectroscopic, and infrared remote imaging system) onboard the European Space Agency's Rosetta spacecraft observed comet 9P/Tempel 1 for 17 days continuously around the time of NASA's Deep Impact mission. The cyanide-to-water production ratio was slightly enhanced in the impact cloud, compared with that of normal comet activity. Dust particles were flowing outward in the coma at >160 meters per second, accelerated by the gas. The slope of the brightness increase showed a dip about 200 seconds after the impact. Dust Afrho values before and long after the impact confirm the slight decrease of cometary activity. The dust-to-water mass ratio was much larger than 1.     

Effect of host and inoculum patterns on take-all disease of wheat incidence,severity and disease gradient

The importance of the spatial aspect of epidemics has been recognized from the outset of plant disease epidemiology. The objective of this study was to determine if the host spatial structure influenced the spatio-temporal development of take-all disease of wheat, depending on the inoculum spatial structure. Three sowing patterns of wheat (broadcast sowing, line sowing and sowing in hills) and three patterns of inoculum (uniform, aggregated and natural infestation) were tested in a field experiment, repeated over 2 years. Disease (severity, root disease incidence, plant disease incidence and, when applicable, line and hill incidences) was assessed seven times during the course of each season and the spatial pattern was characterized with incidence-incidence relationships. In the naturally infested plots, disease levels at all measurement scales were significantly higher in plots sown in hills, compared to plots sown in line, which were in turn significantly more diseased than plots with broadcast sowing. Disease aggregation within roots and plants was stronger in line and hill sowing than in broadcast sowing. Analysis of the disease gradient in the artificially infested plots showed that the disease intensified (local increase of disease level) more than it extensified (spatial spread of the disease), the effect of the introduced inoculum was reduced by 95% at a distance of 15 cm away from the point of infestation. Yield was not significantly affected by sowing pattern or artificial infestation.