Bioactivities of Some Wild Fruits Grown in Turkey

In this study some bioactive properties of extracts of wild pear (Pyrus elaegnifolia), hawthorn (Crataegus spp.), oriental hackberry (Celtis tournefortii), oleaster (Elaeagnus angustifolia), Japanese crabapple (Malus floribunda), rosehip (Rosa canina), pedunculate oak (Quercus robur), service tree (Sorbus domestica) and firethorn (Pyracantha coccinea) wildly growing in Turkey were investigated. The fruit extracts were analysed in terms of total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activities (DPPH and phosphomolybdenum methods) and antimicrobial activity. In the results, TPC, IC50 value of DPPH and IC50 value of phosphomolybdenum for pedunculate oak were 454.35?mg GAE/g d.w., 340.52?mg AAE/g d.w. and 96.52%, respectively. Service tree and firethorn exhibited the lowest TPC (4.11?mg GAE/g d.w.) and IC50 value of DPPH (53.32?mg AAE/g d.w.), respectively. Moreover, antimicrobial activity of oleaster was 2.46%. The hackberry fruit extract had no inhibitory effect against the tested microorganisms whereas pedunculate oak extract (with 10%) had the highest inhibitory effect against Aeromonas hydrophila. Additionally, all the fruit extracts had no antimicrobial activity against the Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In conclusion, wild edible fruit extracts can be used as bioactive material due to their antioxidant and antimicrobial activity in food industry and human nutrition.

     

Development of species-specific primers and highly sensitive duplex ddPCR assay for the identification and detection of chili anthracnose

European Journal of Plant Pathology - Chili anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum species is a major disease of chili leading to severe economic loss worldwide. Here, two new species-specific...     

Potato glycoalkaloids: Increases and variations of ratios in aged slices over prolonged storage

Four commercial cultivars of potatoes were maintained under normal storage conditions at 44 F for 34 weeks. Except for a final 10 week interval tubers were withdrawn at 6 week intervals. After slicing, a portion of the slices was immediately analyzed for total glycoalkaloid content. The remaining slices were aged for four days in the dark at room temperature, then similarly analyzed. The total glycoalkaloid content of the aged slices increased dramatically on aging. This increase on aging of slices reached a maximum early in storage then decreased gradually over the storage period. In determining the individual glycoalkaloids, α-solanine and α-chaconine both increased in these slices, but the greatest increase was in the former. Appearing solely in the aged slices of the Kennebec variety, α-and β-solamarine appeared early in the storage period and gradually decreased over the storage period. Analyses of the unaged slices indicated that the glycoalkaloid content and composition of the potato tubers was little affected by storage. Aging of potato sprouts did not change their glycoalkaloid content.     

Towards a new gliadin reference material–isolation and characterisation

Twenty-eight wheat cultivars representative of the three main European wheat producing countries, France, UK and Germany, were selected as a source for the preparation of a reference gliadin. One kilogram of kernels from each cultivar were mixed and milled. The resulting white flour was defatted and vacuum dried. Albumins and globulins were eliminated by extraction using 0.4 M NaCl solution and gliadins were extracted with 60% ethanol. The gliadin extracts were concentrated, desalted by ultrafiltration, freeze-dried, and homogenised. After tests had shown good solubility and homogeneity, aliquots of the reference gliadin were sent to 16 different laboratories for further investigations: The material was analysed by various methods including RP-HPLC, SE-HPLC, RP-HPLC-ESI-MS, MALDI-TOF, capillary electrophoresis, acid-PAGE, 2D-PAGE, SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting and ELISA-tests with different monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. The results showed that the gliadin composition of the source flour and the reference gliadin matched perfectly, demonstrating that no major gliadin components had been lost during the isolation procedure. The reference gliadin showed good immunochemical sensitivity with different gliadin antibodies in enzyme immunoassays. Because of its high protein and gliadin content, good solubility, homogeneity, stability and representative character, the product is regarded as a suitable universal reference material.     

Bio-efficacy of bacterial insecticide,Bacillus thuringiensis Berl. as biological control agent against snails vectors of Schistosomiasis in Egypt

The molluscicidal activity of Thuricide used as bacterial insecticide,Bacillus thuringiensis, againstBiomphalaria alexandrina andBulunus truncatus was tested.The obtained results indicate that Thuricide possess a mollus-cicidal activity against both snails species.B. truncatus was more sensitive to the action of Thuricide. However the slope function of the LC₅₀ forB. alexandrina was significantly higher than that forB. truncatus. The mortality rate of exposedB. alexandrina increased by increasing the exposure time.Exposure ofB. alexandrina to low concentration of Thuricide caused a significant decrease in both ovipository activity and size of egg masses and reduced the percentage of egg hatchability.

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Zusammenfassung Es wurde die molluscizide Wirkung von Thuricide (Bac. thuringiensis) gegen die SchneckenBiomphalaris alexandrina undBulunus truncatus getestet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Thuricide für beide Schnecken molluscizid war.B. truncatus erwies sich als empfindlicher, doch war die Neigungs-Funktion des LC₅₀-Wertes fürB. alexandrina signifikant höher als fürB. truncatus. Die Mortalitätsrate vonB. alexandrina erhöhte sich mit zunehmender Expositionszeit. Die Exposition vonB. alexandrina gegenüber geringen Konzentrationen von Thuricide verursachte eine signifikante Verringerung sowohl der Eiablage-Aktivität als auch der Größe der Eigelege sowie des Schlüpfprozents der Eier.

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Zur Empfindlichkeit verschiedener Kulturpflanzenarten gegenüber dem Befall durch Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) und M. incognita acrita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood (Nematoda,Heteroderidae)

Zusammenfassung Baumwolle, Weizen, Mais, Sojabohne, Zwiebel, Kichererbse und Sesam wurden hinsichtlich ihrer Anfälligkeit gegen die WurzelnematodenMeloidogyne javanica undM. incognita incrita untersucht. Sesam und Mais waren gegen beide Nematodenarten resistent. Baumwolle wurde vonM. javanica nicht befallen. Dagegen wurden Zwiebel und Sojabohne von diesem Nematoden stark geschädigt. Die statistische Analyse zeigte signifikante Befallsunterschiede zwischen den Wirtspflanzen undMeloidogyne-Arten.

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Susceptibility of certain field crops to some Nematoda infection, Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) and M. incognita acrita (Kofoid & White) chitwood

Varietal susceptibility of certain field crops were tested. Sesame and maize were resistant toM. javanica andM. incognita acrita infection. Cotton was resistant toM. javanica only. Onion and soybean were highly infected withM. javanica in comparison with the other tested hosts. Soybean also was highly infected withM. incognita acrita. Wheat showed the presence of the lowest of nematode population of the two species on its roots. Severity of galls was paralleled to the mentioned nematode populations.Statistical analysis of the data indicates that there were significant differences between the tested hosts. Also, the interaction between nematode species and hosts was significant.

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Mit 2 Tabellen     

Über die mögliche Verwendung des räuberischen FadenwurmsDiplogaster sp. (Nematodes,Diplogasteroidea) zur Bekämpfung einiger wurzelparasitischer Fadenwürmer (Nematodes)

Zusammenfassung Es wurden Labortests zur Klärung der Frage durchgeführt, wieweit der räuberische NematodeDiplogaster sp. in der Lage ist, die Dichte der Larven der zwei wurzelparasitären NematodenMeloidogyne javanica undTylenchulus semipenetrans zu reduzieren. Eine weitere Versuchsserie verwendete mit sterilem Boden gefüllte Blumentöpfe.Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß der Raub-Nematode beide parasitischen Nematodenarten,M. javanica an Tomaten- undT. semipenetrans an Orangen-Wurzeln stark reduzierte. Dabei erwies sich die Wirkung unabhängig von der Beuteart aber abhängig von der Beutedichte.

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Studies on the potential use of the predator, Diplogaster sp. (Nematodes, Diplogasteroidea) on certain root-parasitic Nematodes

A laboratory test was conducted in glass petri dishes to assess the efficacy ofDiplogaster sp. on the predation of the second stage larvae ofMeloidogyne javanica andTylenchulus semipenetrans nematodes at 25°C and 65% R. H. in the incubator. In addition, an applied experiment in pots was carried out to explore the role of the predator on the two parasitic nematode genera. Diplogaster sp. exteriminated large numbers of prey ofM. javanica andT. semipenetrans larvae 7 days after the beginning of the experiment. The rate of predation on parasitic nematodes in laboratory test was independent on the prey species but dependent on the prey density. The parasitic nematodes,M. javanica andT. semipenetrans, populations in the roots of tomato and sour orange, respectively, were significantly reduced by the addition of the predatory nematode,Diplogaster sp., in the pot experiment.

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Mit 3 Tabellen