Effect of temperature on development and fecundity of Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae) on cucumber

The developmental time, survivorship and reproduction of Aphis gossypii Glover was evaluated on detached cucumber leaves at nine constant temperatures ranging from 15±1°C to 35±1°C in 2.5°C increments in the laboratory. Developmental periods of immature stages ranged from 10.8 days at 15°C to 4.1 days at 30°C and 32.5°C. Constant 35°C was lethal to immature stages of A. gossypii. The lower developmental threshold for the cotton aphid was estimated at 6.0°C and it required 92.6 degree–day development for a first instar to become adult. The average reproduction rate was 82.1 nymphs female^–1 at 25°C and 2.3 nymphs female^–1 at 32.5°C. The mean generation time of the population ranged from 6.8 days at 32.5°C to 22.8 days at 15°C. The highest per capita growth rate (r_m=0.526) occurred at 25°C and the lowest at 15°C (r_m=0.208) and 32.5°C (r_m=0.132). It was evident that temperatures over 30°C prolonged development, increased mortality of immature stages, shortened adult longevity and reduced fecundity. The optimal range of temperature for population growth of A. gossypii on cucumber was very broad and ranged between 22.5°C and 30°C.     

Wirksamkeit des ParasitoidenEretmocerus debachi Rose und Rosen (Hym., Aphelinidae) gegenüber der Weißen FliegeParabemisia myricae (Kuwana) (Hom., Aleyrodidae)

Zusammenfassung Die Weiße Fliege,Parabemisia myricae (Kuwana) (Hom.: Aleyrodidae), stellt seit ihrer Verschleppung in die Zitrusanbaugebiete an der Südost-Mittelmeerküste der Türkei im Jahre 1982 eines der größten Probleme im dortigen Zitrusanbau dar. Zu ihrer biologischen Bekämpfung wurde im Jahre 1986 der spezifische Parasitoid,Eretmocerus debachi Rose und Rosen (Hym.: Aphelinidae) aus Kalifornien in die Türkei eingeführt. Der Parasitoid konnte sich nach Massenfreilassungen im gesamten Gebiet sehr gut einbürgern. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurde die Wirksamkeit vonE. debachi gegenüberP. myricae in zweijährigen Versuchen in natürlich befallenen Zitrusanlagen und auf künstlich infizierten und exponierten Zitrusjungpflanzen erfaßt.Innerhalb von zwei Wochen konnten auf den exponierten Zitrusjungpflanzen die ersten Parasitoiden festgestellt werden, wobei bis zu 10% derP. myricae-Nymphen und Puparien durchE. debachi parasitiert waren. In beiden Versuchsjahren und an allen 4 Standorten baute sich im weiteren Verlauf der Vegetation keine weitere Weiße-Fliegen-Population auf den Zitrusjungpflanzen auf. Die Populationsdichte vonP. myricae war auf den natürlichen befallenen Zitrusbäumen sehr viel geringer als auf den exponierten und künstlich infizierten Pflanzen. Dennoch traten mit den erstenP. myricae auch sofort durchE. debachi parasitierte Individuen auf. Die Parasitierungsrate erreichte teilweise 100%, so daß die Schädlingspopulation sehr schnell im weiteren Vegetationsverlauf abnahm und es zu keiner erneuten Gradation kam. Selbst auf sehr geringe Dichteerhöhungen derP. myricae-Population reagierte der Parasitoid mit einer erhöhten Parasitierung. Die Untersuchungen zeigten deutlich, daßE. debachi in der Lage ist, sowohl sehr hohe als auch sehr niedrige Populationen der Weißen Fliege in hohem Maße zu parasitieren und dadurch den Schädling erfolgreich zu bekämpfen.

---

Efficiency ofEretmocerus debachi Rose and Rosen (Hym., Aphelinidae) in controlling the whiteflyParabemisia myricae (Kuwana) (Hom., Aleyrodidae)

The whitefly,Parabemisia myricae (Kuwana) (Hym.: Aleyrodidae) is a most serious problem in citrus since it was accidentally introduced into the Southeast Mediterranean region of Turkey in 1982. To control this pest biologically, the specific parasitoid,Eretmocerus debachi Rose and Rosen (Hym.: Aphelinidae), was imported from California to Turkey in 1986. The parasitoid settled very well after being mass released in the entire citrus growing area. In the present study the efficiencyE. debachi in controllingP. myricae was determined in naturally infested citrus orchards and on potted, artificially infested and exposed citrus seedlings over two years.Within two weeks, the first parasitods were determined on the exposed citrus seedlings at which 10% of theP. myricae-nymphal and-puparial stages were parasitized. In both years and at all four experimental sites no further population increase of the whitefly was observed on the citrus seedling over the entire vegetation period. TheP. myricae-densities were much lower on the naturally infested trees than they were on the exposed and artificially infested citrus seedlings. Nevertheless, the firstE. debachi were observed with the occurrence of the firstP. myricae. The parasitization rate reached sometimes up to 100%, so that the pest population decreased significantly in the following month to almost zero level. Even to smallest population increases ofP. myricae, the parasitoid reacted with increasing parasitization. The experiments proved, thatE. debachi was capable to parasitize high and low population densities of the whitefly completely and in consequence successfully controlled the pest.

---

---

Mit 2 Abbildungen     

Campylobacter spp. and their antimicrobial resistance patterns in poultry: an epidemiological survey study in Turkey

The current study aimed at determining the prevalence and the antimicrobial resistance profiles of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. infecting broiler chickens. A total of 240 caecal samples from six slaughterhouses were examined for the presence of Campylobacter spp. C. jejuni was detected in 40.4% (97/240) of the samples and C. coli in 12.1% (29/240). The agar disc diffusion method and the E-test were used for testing the antimicrobial susceptibility of C. jejuni and C. coli isolates. C. jejuni isolates were most resistant to nalidixic acid (79.4%) followed by tetracycline (76.3%), ciprofloxacin (74.2%) and enrofloxacin (15.5%). Among the C. coli isolates, the frequency of resistance to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin was the same at 65.5%. The predominant profiles of multidrug resistance to three or more antimicrobials in C. jejuni and C. coli were determined as tetracycline/nalidixic acid/ciprofloxacin resistance (48.5%) and tetracycline/nalidixic acid/ciprofloxacin/enrofloxacin resistance (51.7%), respectively. To prevent the transmission of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria of animal origin to humans, it should be noted that high proportions of multidrug resistance were found in both species.     

A major QTL for common bacterial blight resistance derives from the common bean great northern landrace cultivar Montana No.5

Knowledge of the evolutionary origin and sources of pest resistance genes will facilitate gene deployment and development of crop cultivars with durable resistance. Our objective was to determine the source of common bacterial blight (CBB) resistance in the common bean Great Northern Nebraska #1 (GN#1) and GN#1 Selection 27 (GN#1 Sel 27). Several great northern cultivars including GN#1, GN#1 Sel 27, and Montana No.5 (the female parent of the common x tepary bean interspecific population from which GN #1 and GN # 1 Sel 27 were derived) and known susceptible checks were evaluated for CBB reaction in field and greenhouse environments. These genotypes and CBB resistant and susceptible tepary bean including Tepary #4, the male parent and presumed contributor of CBB resistance toGN#1 and GN#1 Sel 27, were assayed for presence or absence of three SCAR markers tightly linked with independent QTLs conditioning CBB resistance. The parents and F₂ of Montana No. 5/GN #1 Sel 27 and Montana No.5/Othello(CBB susceptible) were screened for CBB reaction and SCAR markers. CBB resistance in Montana No.5 was comparable to that of GN#1 and GN#1 Sel27. The SAP6 SCAR marker present in GN#1 and GN#1 Sel 27 was also present in Montana No.5, and it co-segregated (R ² =35%) with the CBB resistance in the Montana No.5/Othello F₂ population. Although a few CBB resistant and susceptible transgressive segregants were found in the F₂ of MontanaNo.5/GN #1 Sel 27 and later confirmed by F₃ progeny tests, SAP6 SCAR marker was present in all progenies. None of the tepary bean specific CBB resistance-linked SCAR markers were present in GN#1, GN#1 Sel 27, or Montana No.5. A cluster analysis of 169 polymorphic PCR-based markers across three common bean and Tepary #4 indicated that GN#1, GN#1 Sel 27, and Montana No.5 were closely related, and not related at all with Tepary #4.Thus, these results clearly indicate Montana No.5, not Tepary #4, as the source of CBB resistance in GN#1 and GN#1 Sel 27. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effect of calcium based fertilization on dried fig (Ficus carica L. cv. Sarılop) yield and quality

Fig tree mainly spread in regions where Mediterranean climate prevails can be grown over a wide range of soils without any significant deficiency or toxicity symptoms of plant nutrients. Surveys revealed that, however, quality is highly affected by nutrition especially N, K and Ca in fig production for commercial drying. This research work was initiated based on few studies performed on fertilization of fig. The experiment was performed between 2000 and 2002 in three fig orchards of cv. Sar?lop (syn. Calimyrna) in Ayd?n-Turkey. Trees received seven types of fertilization as (i) untreated control; (ii) NPK (430 g N, 200 g P₂O₅ and 430 g K₂O per tree); (iii) NPK + 70 g Ca; (iv) NPK + 140 g Ca; (v) NPK + 280 g Ca; (vi) NPK + 420 g Ca and (vii) N + 420 g Ca, Ca(NO₃)₂ used as the Ca source. Tested fertilizer applications showed significant differences in respect to yield and quality of fig. Basic NPK fertilization with additional 280 g Ca treatment increased overall quality by reducing the number of fruit with ostiole-end crack and sunscald. Results showed that applied fertilizers exerted significantly in reduction of cull ratio and could alleviate the negative impact of yearly drought conditions.     

Genetic Identification and Conservation of Local Turkish Grapevine (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vitis vinifera</Emphasis> L.) Genotypes on the Edge of Extinction

In the second half of the nineteenth century, intensive renovation of vineyards took place due to the losses caused by phylloxera and local varieties were mostly replaced by several worldwide cultivars. Shift in genotypic structure in favor of modern cultivars resulted in the decrease or even disappearance of regionally typical local varieties. A total of sixty five Turkish grape genotypes, including 5 references (four cultivars and one rootstock), were genotyped with 16 SSR and 15 SRAP markers. Sixteen SSR primers generated a total of 60 SSR amplicons in which 43 were polymorphic with 73.4% average polymorphism percentage. A total of 111 well-resolved clear DNA bands were obtained from 15 SRAP primers. Of these bands, 53 were highly polymorphic with an average of 47.74%. Cluster analysis based on pooled marker data generated a well resolved grouping pattern. The analyzed genotypes grouped basing on their geographical belongings. There were many cultivar pairs on the dendrogram most of which occurred between 0.75 and 0.90 levels. SSR and SRAP data revealed a wide genetic variability as well as certain synonyms among the historical grape varieties cultivated for decades in local vineyards lengthwise the mountainous regions of Konya, Karaman and Mersin provinces. All the genotypes have been maintained in a grapevine germplasm glasshouse. Preservation and use of these endangered genotypes will be helpful to avoid genetic erosion and diversity loss in this part of Turkey. Also, the molecular data generated in this study could be of great use in determining the optimal breeding strategies to allow continued progress in grapevine breeding.     

Effects of Baking and Boiling on the Nutritional and Antioxidant Properties of Sweet Potato [<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ipomoea batatas</Emphasis> (L.) Lam.] Cultivars

The effects of baking and boiling on the nutritional and antioxidant properties of three sweet potato cultivars (Beniazuma, Koganesengan, Kotobuki) cultivated in Turkey were investigated. The samples were analyzed for proximate composition, total phenolic content, ascorbic acid, β-carotene, antiradical activity, and free sugars. The dry matter, protein, and starch contents of the sweet potatoes were significantly changed by the treatments while the ash and crude fiber contents did not differ as significantly. The β-carotene contents of baked and boiled sweet potatoes were lower than those of fresh sweet potatoes; however, the total phenolic and ascorbic acid contents of the baked and boiled sweet potatoes were higher than those of the fresh samples. Generally, the antiradical activity of the sweet potatoes increased with the treatments. Sucrose, glucose, and fructose were quantified as free sugars in all fresh sweet potatoes; however, maltose was determined in the treated samples. In terms of the analyzed parameters, there were no explicit differences among the sweet potato cultivars.     

Primary studies on the parasitoid fauna of Coccoidea in cultivated and non-cultivated areas in the east Mediterranean region of Turkey

The parasitoid fauna of Coccoidea in cultivated and noncultivated areas was studied in the east Mediterranean region of Turkey in 1994–1997. In total, 25 parasitoid species belonging to Aphelinidae, Encyrtidae, and Eulophidae (Hymenoptera) were reared from 21 different scale hosts. On crop plants, mainly citrus and peach, 13 parasitoids from eleven Coccoidea hosts were determined while 14 parasitoid species were obtained from twelve scale insects on non-cultivated plants. Seven parasitoid species are new records for the Turkish insect fauna. Only one of them was found on citrus, while the other six species were sampled in non-cultivated areas. The most common parasitoids encountered wereAphytis melinus DeBach,Encarsia berlesei (Howard) (Aphelinidae),comperiella bifasciata Howard (Encyrtidae), andMetaphycus flavus (Howard) (Eulophidae) in cultivated areas andCoccophagus lycimnia (Walker) (Aphelinidae) in non-cultivated areas. All other parasitoids species were obtained only from a few scale insects hosts.

---

Erste Untersuchungen zur Parasitoiden-Fauna der Coccoidea in landwirtschaftlich genutzten und nicht genutzten Gebieten der ?stlichen Mittelmeer-Region der Türkei

Zusammenfassung  In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Parasitoiden-Fauna der Coccoidea in landwirtschaftlich genutzten und nicht genutzten Gebieten der ?stlichen Mittelmeer-Region der Türkei in der Zeit von 1994–1997 untersucht. Insgesamt konnten 25 Parasitoiden-Arten aus den Familien Aphelinidae, Encyrtidae und Eulophidae (Hymenoptera) aus 21 verschiedenen Schildlaus-Wirten gezogen werden. Von den Kulturpflanzen, vor allem von Zitrus und Pfirsich, wurden 13 Parasitoide aus 11 Coccoidea-Wirten gewonnen, w?hrend 14 Parasitoiden-Arten aus 12 Schildlaus-Wirten von den Wildpflanzen stammten. Bei sieben Parasitoiden-Arten handelt es sich um Neubeschreibungen der türkischen Insektenfauna. Nur eine von diesen wurde auf Zitrus beobachtet, w?hrend die anderen sechs Arten aus nicht bewirtschafteten Gebieten stammten. Die gel?ufigsten der ermittelten Parasitoiden-Arten warenAphytis melinus DeBach,Encarsia berlesei (Howard) (Aphelinidae),Comperiella bifasciata Howard (Encyrtidae) sowieMetaphycus flavus (Howard) (Eulophidae) auf den bewirtschafteten undCoccophagus lycimnia (Walker) (Aphelinidae) auf den nicht bewirtschafteten Fl?chen. Alle anderen Parasitoiden-Arten wurden auf nur wenigen Schildlaus-Wirten beobachtet.

---

---

The paper was gratefully dedicated to Prof. Dr. Niyazi Lodos.     

The phytotoxicity potential of olive processing waste on selected weeds and crop plants

The effect of sun-dried OPW (olive processing waste) on weeds and crop plants, was investigated at the Adnan Menderes University Research and Application Farm between 2006 and 2007. Sun-dried OPW was placed in pots in doses of 9, 18, 27, 36, 45 and 54 grams per pot, which is equivalent to doses of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 kg m⁻²; pots with no OPW served as controls. In these experiments, ten seeds each of wild oat (Avena fatua), sterile oat (Avena sterilis), blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), yellow sweetclover (Melilotus officinalis), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus), jimsonweed (Datura stramonium), faba bean (Vicia faba), pea (Pisum sativum), and sesame (Sesamum indicum) were sown in pots; for common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album), seedlings were planted in pots. Seedlings of both weeds and crop plants were counted in order to assess the effects of sun-dried OPW on plant emergence. One plant was left per pot for observation of the effects of sun-dried OPW treatments on weed and crop plant growth. The results showed that OPW can be used to suppress the growth of all the weeds listed above, in pots containing V. faba, P. sativum and S.indicum plants and without any negative effects on crop growth.