Stand dynamics and tree quality response to precommercial thinning in a northern hardwood forest of the Acadian forest region: 23 years of intermediate results

In the late 1980s, large forest companies began precommercial thinning (PCT) operations in young northern hardwood cutovers in New Brunswick, Canada. To provide supporting growth and yield information, an industrial experiment was established at residual stand densities of 1300, 1600, 1900, and 2200?stems?ha^?1. Stand responses were examined for measurements recorded at 0 (1987), 5 (1992), 10 (1997), 16 (2003), and 23 (2010) years after establishment. Average diameter at breast height, quadratic mean diameter, stand basal area, and stand total volume growth increased as stem density decreased from PCT. There were significant linear differences for many of these variables between treatments and time periods (year). No significant differences were detected in tree height between treatments. In 2010, the four PCT thinning treatments did not exhibit any differences in potential sawlogs at 2.4?m (8?ft) and 3.6?m (12?ft) lengths. Significant differences were observed for 4.9?m (16?ft) sawlogs that were produced at the least dense spacing (1300?stems?ha^?1). Results from this study and recommendations from the European literature suggest that value-added timber products may be produced from more intense PCT treatments than are currently being practiced on sites dominated by yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.).     

铁冬青物候观测

在雷州半岛建立固定样地对铁冬青的形态特征、生物学特性、物候规律及生长规律等进行观测研究。结果表明:(1)铁冬青人工林的开花、结实和果实成熟期比天然林略早,低纬度、阳坡比高纬度、阴坡的种子成熟期提早15~20 d;铁冬青的人工林一般10年生开始开花结实,花芽形成期在2—3月,3月中旬开始开花,4月为盛花期,5月上旬—7月幼果形成,11月下旬—翌年2月果实成熟。(2)铁冬青天然林种子比人工林的种子发芽率高,孤立木种子比纯林的种子发芽率明显高,老树比幼树种子发芽率高,而不同种源间发芽率、发芽时间差异不明显。(3)2年生的铁冬青的生长随着气温与降雨量增大而加快,铁冬青的树高、地径与冠幅的生长高峰期出现于7月、8月和9月,这3个月占全年生长量的60%左右。     

Comparative study on measurement of elastic constants of wood-based panels using modal testing: choice of boundary conditions and calculation methods

Modal testing based on the theory of transverse vibration of orthotropic plate has shown great potentials in measuring elastic constants of panel products. Boundary condition (BC) and corresponding calculation method are key in affecting its practical application in terms of setup implementation, frequency identification, accuracy and calculation efforts. To evaluate different BCs for non-destructive testing of wood-based panels, three BCs with corresponding calculation methods were investigated for measuring their elastic constants, namely in-plane elastic moduli (E _x , E _y ) and shear modulus (G _xy ). As a demonstration of the concept, the products used in this study were oriented strand board (OSB) and medium density fiberboard (MDF). The BCs and corresponding calculated methods investigated were, (a) all sides free (FFFF) with one-term Rayleigh frequency equation and finite element modeling, (b) one side simply supported and the other three free (SFFF) with one-term Rayleigh frequency equation, (c) a pair of opposite sides along minor strength direction simply supported and the other pair along major strength direction free (SFSF) with improved three-term Rayleigh frequency equation. Differences between modal and static results for different BCs were analyzed for each case. Results showed that all three modal testing approaches could be applied for evaluation of the elastic constants of wood-based panels with different accuracy levels compared with standard static test methods. Modal testing on full-size panels is recommended for developing design properties of structural panels as it can provide global properties.     

(-)-N-二苯亚甲基甘氨酸薄荷醇酯的简易合成

报道了(-)-N-二苯基亚甲基甘氨酸薄荷醇酯的简捷高效的制备方法,由甘氨酸和薄荷醇直接酯化,再和二苯甲酮亚胺缩合,以较高的产率得到目标产物.此过程不需要保护氨基,缩合反应无需使用催化剂,反应条件温和,绿色环保,经济节能.     

城市森林物种多样性——以哈尔滨城市林业示范基地为例

通过多样性、均匀度、丰富度和生态优势度指数等指标,研究了哈尔滨城市森林4种人工林群落的物种多样性。通过对4种林型乔、灌、草三层的物种多样性指数进行加权,求出不同林型群落的多样性各项水平差异,结果表明:白桦林的Simpson指数(0.757)、Shannon-Wiener指数(1.678)和均匀度Pielou指数(0.797)均较大,说明白桦林群落的物种多样性强和物种分布比较均匀;水曲柳林的丰富度Menhinick指数(1.325)和生态优势度指数(0.367)最高,说明其群落的物种丰富程度较大,且物种优势种表现突出。草本层在同一林型内的多样性各项指数(除了生态优势度指数外)均为最高,说明4种林型的草本层均具有较好的物种多样性,物种分布比较均匀和物种丰富度较大。在水曲柳林和樟子松林内乔木层的生态优势度指数最高,表现出乔木层的优势种比较突出;而在白桦林和兴安落叶松林内灌木层的优势种比较突出。综合来看,城市森林中的阔叶林在物种多样性特征方面优于针叶林。     

氮肥对库布齐沙地柳枝稷目标产量的影响

柳枝稷是一种生物量高、防风固沙效果好,具有良好发展前景的草本能源植物。为了将暖季型的柳枝稷引种到库布齐沙地,以柳枝稷品种“BL-1”为试验材料,研究了库布齐沙地柳枝稷目标产量(生物量、粗蛋白产量、中性洗涤纤维产量、酸性洗涤纤维产量)对施用尿素和硫酸铵两种氮肥的响应。硫酸铵和尿素各设置4个施氮水平0、75、150和225 kg/hm2,每个处理设置3个重复,分别于苗期、分蘖期和拔节期施入各试验小区,施入量分别为施氮量的1/5、2/5和2/5。在柳枝稷的拔节期、孕穗期、初花期分别测定其株高、茎粗、叶面积、地上生物量。结果表明:硫酸铵和尿素的施用均可以显著提高柳枝稷的产量,施用硫酸铵后,柳枝稷的产量随着施氮量的增加而呈现逐渐增加的趋势;施用尿素后,柳枝稷的产量随着施氮量的增加出现先升高后降低的动态趋势,且产量最高点出现在施氮量为150 kg/hm2时。在施氮量为75和150 kg/hm2时硫酸铵和尿素两种肥料对柳枝稷的产量的增加程度差异不显著;在施氮量为225 kg/hm2时,硫酸铵对柳枝稷的产量提高程度显著高于尿素。柳枝稷个体大小与叶面积是影响柳枝稷产量的重要因素,氮肥的施用对于柳枝稷生长的促进作用在拔节期最明显;对于柳枝稷叶面积的促进作用在孕穗期最明显;对于柳枝稷增产的促进作用在初花期最明显。硫酸铵相较于尿素更有利于促进柳枝稷的增产。      

内蒙古绒山羊皮肤KRTAPs表达谱与日照时长的相关性

【目的】研究绒山羊皮肤部分角蛋白关联蛋白(keratin-associated protein,KRTAPs)基因的表达谱及其与全年日照变化规律间的相关性。【方法】以3只周岁阿尔巴斯型内蒙古绒山羊体侧皮肤为样本,进行高通量转录组测序(RNA-Seq),对获得的部分KRTAPs基因一年内不同月份间的转录本进行表达丰度分析,并结合当地全年日照变化规律与RT-PCR试验方法,验证KRTAP24-1、KRTAP3-1、KRTAP8-1在关键节点月份的表达谱,确定全年皮肤KRTAPs表达丰度变化与日照变化规律间的相关性。【结果】Illumina solexa高通量转录组测序表明,内蒙古绒山羊全年皮肤部分KRTAPs基因的表达具有规律性差异。RT-PCR试验验证表明,部分基因表达谱与测序表达丰度具有一致性,并且基因差异变化规律与全年日照时长的变化具有相关性。【结论】全年日照时长由长变短(夏-冬)时皮肤KRTAPs表达丰度上调,日照时长由短变长(冬-夏)时皮肤KRTAPs表达丰度下调。     

闽楠天然次生林树种间联结性分析

应用方差比率法、2×2列联表的χ2检验以及Spearman秩相关系数对闽楠天然次生林重要值较高的15个主要树种进行联结性分析,同时对目的树种闽楠不同生长期与其他乔木层树种进行关联性分析。结果表明:(1)物种间总体关联性检验表明15个树种总体种间呈不显著正关联,种间联结较为松散,树种的分布有一定的独立性;105个种对的正负关联比为0.91,检验显著率为9.52%。(2)林分中闽楠大树(20 cm≤DBH)、中树(10 cm≤DBH20 cm)、小树(5 cm≤DBH10 cm)与其他乔木层树种所形成的105个种对的正负关联比分别为0.86、0.76和0.69,其检验显著率分别为11.43%、8.57%和5.71%,均表现为大树中树小树,种间联结较为松散,群落处于不稳定发展阶段。     

软米型高产优质弱感光组合丰田优981 的选育及应用

[目的]培育杂种优势强、营养生长周期稳定、适应性广及米质优的弱感光型杂交稻新组合,实现华南稻区弱感光杂交稻组合的升级换代.[方法]2011年以广西农业科学院水稻研究所最新育成的软米型不育系丰田1A与自选育的广亲和强优势新恢复系桂981配组后,2012~2013年在广西农业科学院水稻研究所高产示范基地进行生产品比试验,2013~2015年推荐参加桂南稻作区晚造感光组区域筛选试验、区域试验和生产试验,考察其综合性状.[结果]丰田优981丰产性好、稳产性强、适应性广、米质优.全生育期112.0 d左右,比对照博优253短5 d左右,穗粒数168粒,结实率88.6%,千粒重25 g,米粒长宽比3.6,直链淀粉含量13.4%.在2012和2013年的广西农业科学院水稻研究所生产品比试验中,丰田优981平均产量为7785.0和7687.5 kg/ha,分别比对照博优253增产9.50%和5.60%;2013年区域筛选试验平均产量为8163.0 kg/ha,比对照博优253增产11.48%;2014和2015年区域试验平均产量为7948.5和7917.0 kg/ha,比对照分别增产9.17%和10.61%;2015年生产试验平均产量为7209.0 kg/ha,比对照增产4.74%;2016年通过广西农作物品种审定委员会审定(桂审稻2016009号).[结论]丰田优981应用前景良好,可在桂南和桂中稻作区适宜种植感光型品种植的地区作晚稻种植.     

花期不同处理方法对辣椒繁种产量和质量的影响

[目的]分析花期不同处理方法对繁种辣椒种子产量和质量的影响,为不良气候条件及缺少设施条件地区扩繁辣椒材料提供参考依据.[方法]在露地栽培辣椒材料A014,开花期设选留不同花蕾层次、叶面喷施磷酸二氢钾(KH2PO4)次数及不同花蕾隔离方式3种处理,以其相应的自然结果方式为对照(CK1、CK2和CK3),对比分析各处理辣椒的坐果数、千粒重、发芽率和种子产量.[结果]选留2~6层花蕾留果收获的繁种辣椒种子千粒重为3.3002 g,极显著高于CK1和选留7~10层花蕾留果收获的辣椒种子(P<0.01),发芽率为92.33%,显著高于选留7~10层花蕾留果收获的辣椒种子(P<0.05,下同),平均单株坐果数为31.57个,显著低于选留7~10层花蕾留果收获的辣椒,小区种子产量为38.40 g,显著高于CK1,与选留7~10层花蕾留果收获的辣椒种子产量差异不显著(P>0.05,下同);叶面喷施2次KH2PO4的繁种辣椒种子千粒重和发芽率分别为2.8839 g和90.33%,显著高于CK2和叶面喷施1次KH2PO4,叶面喷施1次KH2PO4的辣椒种子千粒重与CK2差异不显著;网罩隔离花蕾的辣椒坐果率为75.95%,显著低于CK3,但显著高于蒙花隔离花蕾的辣椒坐果率.[结论]在露地进行辣椒材料扩繁时,选2~6层花蕾留果、采取网罩隔离花蕾及叶面喷施2次KH2PO4可提高繁种辣椒的产量和质量.