Feasibility of Locating Leakages in Sewage Pressure Pipes Using the Distributed Temperature Sensing Technology

The cost effective maintenance of underwater pressure pipes for sewage disposal in Austria requires the detection and localization of leakages. Extrusion of wastewater in lakes can heavily influence the water and bathing quality of surrounding waters. The Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) technology is a widely used technique for oil and gas pipeline leakage detection. While in pipeline leakage detection, fiber optic cables are installed permanently at the outside or within the protective sheathing of the pipe; this paper aims at testing the feasibility of detecting leakages with temporary introduced fiber optic cable inside the pipe. The detection and localization were tested in a laboratory experiment. The intrusion of water from leakages into the pipe, producing a local temperature drop, served as indicator for leakages. Measurements were taken under varying measurement conditions, including the number of leakages as well as the positioning of the fiber optic cable. Experiments showed that leakages could be detected accurately with the proposed methodology, when measuring resolution, temperature gradient and measurement time were properly selected. Despite the successful application of DTS for leakage detection in this lab environment, challenges in real system applications may arise from temperature gradients within the pipe system over longer distances and the placement of the cable into the real pipe system.     

超级稻沈农606抗稻瘟病基因的遗传分析及定位

选用抗稻瘟病超级稻品种沈农606为抗病亲本,与感病品种丽江新团黑谷配制杂交组合。利用ZA1菌系对两亲本及其F2代单株进行苗期抗病鉴定,结果表明,沈农606的抗性由1对显性核基因控制。根据F2代单株的抗病鉴定结果,采用分离体分组混合分析法(BSA),从94对SSR引物中筛选出了1对在抗、感池间表现出多态性的SSR引物RM574,利用RM574对F2代311个感病单株进一步扩增,将该基因定位于5号染色体上,遗传距离为8.7cM。     

辽宁绒山羊2品系皮肤毛囊周期性变化的比较研究

皮肤切片采用HE染色方法,对辽宁绒山羊常年长绒型品系和季节长绒型品系皮肤表皮厚、真皮厚、次级毛囊和初级毛囊深度、密度,次级毛囊和初级毛囊毛球宽度,S／P值等作了详细统计观察,从形态学方面研究了辽宁绒山羊皮肤毛囊在1年内的变化规律。结果表明：两品系辽宁绒山羊毛囊的兴盛期为4～10月,退行期为11～12月,休止期为1～3月,持续时间分别为7、2、3个月。兴盛期经历时间最长,退行期最短。但在毛囊的退行期,因为大多数毛囊的活性还很高,因此在退行期绒毛仍在生长,特别是在退行前期（10、11月份）还是绒毛的快速生长期。     

小麦持久抗条锈病品种Champlein的抗性遗传分析

小麦条锈病是小麦生产中最重要的病害,培育抗病品种是防治条锈病最经济、有效、安全的措施。‘Cham-plein’引自法国,对条锈菌生理小种表现良好持久抗性。为了明确其抗性遗传特点,以感病品种‘铭贤169’与其杂交、自交和回交获得了F1、F2、F3和BC1代,人工接种小麦条锈菌生理小种CY32,在温室和田间对‘Champlein’进行遗传分析。结果表明:苗期‘Champlein’对CY32的抗病性由1对显性基因控制;成株期‘Champlein’对CY32的抗病性由2对显性和1对隐性抗条锈病基因以互补方式控制;系谱分析表明基因可能来源于‘Vilmorin27’。     

牛腔前卵泡的简易机械分离方法

采用两种机械法分离牛腔前卵泡。方法一 (M -1) ,皮肤移植刀切割、剪碎、过滤镜下直接捡卵法。方法二 (M -2 ) ,皮质片剪碎、离心、悬浮、过滤镜下捡卵法。M -1平均每卵巢采卵数为 46 9个± 18 2个 ,M -2为 6 8 4个± 12 5个 ;处理时间M -1为 2 5 4min± 6 7min ,M -2为 46 3min± 16 8min ,两种方法采集腔前卵泡数量及处理时间均存在显著差异。平均每小时采集卵泡数分别为 99 5和 87 2个 ,M -1多于M -2。两种方法获得腔前卵泡大小分布规律也有明显差异 ,M -1采集腔前卵泡直径为 6 0～ 15 0 μm ,绝大部分是次级卵泡 ,而M -2获取腔前卵泡则偏小。总的看来 ,M -1处理时间短 ,回收效率高 ,方法简便 ,且分离卵泡直径较大 ,适于体外培养 ,是机械分离牛腔前卵泡的一种理想方法。     

Identification of SNPs in the 5′‐flanking region and 3′‐UTR of the MIH gene and their association with precocity of the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis

Moult‐inhibiting hormone (MIH), an important regulator of steroidogenesis, inhibits the synthesis of ecdysteroid in Y‐organ (YO) and plays a significant role in the regulation of moulting and post‐embryonic development of crustacean. Because unsuccessful moulting have been widely observed in precocious crabs, we investigated whether genetic variants in the 5′‐flanking region and 3′‐untranslated region (3′‐UTR) of the MIH gene are associated with precocity of the Chinese mitten crab. Thirty individual DNA samples were sequenced to search for SNPs in the 5′‐flanking region and 3′‐UTR of the MIH gene. Five SNPs (g.196 T>A, g.230 C>T, g.305 T>C, g.323 C>A and g.372 C>T) in the 5′‐flanking region and 6 SNPs (g.2677 C>T, g.2759 T>A, g.2807 T>C, g.3042 A>G, g.3088 T>G and g.3295 T>G) in the 3′‐UTR of the MIH gene were selected for the individual genotyping in a two‐stage association study. We found that a SNP g.3088 T>G in the 3′‐UTR of MIH gene was consistently associated with precocity of the Chinese mitten crab in stage 1 and stage 2, with a per‐allele OR (Odds Ratio) of 1.469 (95% CI: 1.169–1.844) after two stages combined (P = 0.001). However, no significant associations were observed between the other 10 SNPs and precocity of the Chinese mitten crab. To our best knowledge, this is the first association study between various SNP genotypes and phenotype attributes in Chinese mitten crab. Our findings suggest that the SNP g.3088 T>G may be a candidate marker for effective marker‐assisted selection to decrease the precocity of the Chinese mitten crab in future studies.     

Intraspecific growth variation among rainbow trout and brook trout: impact of initial body weight and feeding level

This study describes growth variation within groups of salmonids and the relation to initial fish weights and feeding levels. PIT-tagged rainbow trout (RT) and brook trout (BT) of start weight 120–170 g were reared in separate tanks for 9 weeks. Both species were fed each day either a high ration close to satiation (H) or half of this ration (L). Four experimental groups (RT-H, RT-L, BT-H, BT-L) were studied with regard to their propensity to increase weight in accord with their initial weight. The slope of the regression line between initial weights (g) and weight increases for individuals in each tank in each period was applied as indicator for this propensity (termed “slope”). All calculated slopes in the experiment were positive which indicates the general ability of weighty fish to gain more weight than smaller individuals. The average slope during all 9 weeks was 2–4 times higher for RT-L (5.91) than for all other groups (RT-H: 1.50, P < 0.01; BT-H: 1.76, P < 0.01 and BT-L: 2.88, P < 0.05), indicating the particular propensity of large RT to gain weight when feed was restricted. Overall, ration level had large impact on slopes (H: 1.63, L: 4.39, P < 0.01), while this was not the case for species (RT: 3.71, BT: 2.32, P > 0.05). The magnitude of slopes decreased over time (weeks 0–3:4.27, weeks 3–6:3.02 and weeks 6–9:1.74, P < 0.05). The observed differences in weight gains between experimental groups were reflected in differences in coefficients of variations (CVs) for body growth. RT had larger body weight (BW) CVs compared to BT (0.257 vs. 0.206, P < 0.01) indicating more uneven feed share among RT than among BT in general. RT-L had significantly higher BW CVs than all other groups (0.300 vs. 0.184–0.229, P < 0.01). The observed differences in weight gains enhance size variations in terms of higher CVs, and this may have implications for feeding tactics in aquaculture where large size variations in groups may be disadvantageous to fish farmers.     

有机与无机肥配施对小麦土壤速效养分、酶活性及微生物数量的影响

【目的】研究土壤速效养分、酶活性以及土壤中微生物总量与有机肥的关系,为提高农田土壤生物肥力、培肥土壤、实现土壤可持续利用及有机肥在农业生产实践中的推广应用提供参考。【方法】在控制条件下研究有机与无机肥配施对小麦土壤速效养分、酶活性及微生物数量的影响。【结果】(1)通过有机肥的施用可明显提高土壤中碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾的含量,促进小麦的生长发育。(2)通过有机肥的施用可明显提高土壤微生物(细菌、真菌和放线菌)数量和土壤酶(蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶和纤维素酶)活性。【结论】施用有机肥除了直接增加土壤有效养分和改善理化性质外,还对土壤生物和生物化学特性有明显的影响。     

猪殃殃对AHAS抑制剂靶标抗性的快速分子检测

为建立猪殃殃靶标抗性快速检测方法,并明确小麦田猪殃殃Galium aparine var.tenerum对AHAS抑制剂靶标的突变类型及分布,从河南、陕西、安徽、江苏和山东5省不同田块采集疑似对AHAS抑制剂产生抗性的猪殃殃植株,采用特异性引物PCR扩增靶标酶AHAS基因保守区片段,并以直接测序法检测采集样品,通过与拟南芥AHAS基因序列比对分析后明确其突变位点。结果显示,在5省25个农田的样品中共有19个农田检测到AHAS突变,分布在河南、安徽和江苏3省;在检测样品中发现突变发生在2个位点,共有3种突变类型,分别是197位脯氨酸(CCC)突变为丙氨酸(GCC)或丝氨酸(TCC),或者是574位色氨酸(TGG)突变为亮氨酸(TTG),检测结果与田间药效反应基本一致。这种用特异性引物扩增目的片段测序的方法,由于其可以在生长当季进行检测,适用于田间靶标突变抗性猪殃殃的快速检测与监测。