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921.
Social-ethical issues concerning the control strategy of animal diseases in the European Union: A survey 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Nina E. Cohen Marcel A.P.M. van Asseldonk Elsbeth N. Stassen 《Agriculture and Human Values》2007,24(4):499-510
In 2004 a survey was conducted in the member states of the European Union designed to gain greater insight into the views
on control strategies for foot and mouth disease, classical swine fever, and avian influenza with respect to the epidemiological,
economic and social-ethical consequences of each of these animal diseases. This article presents the results of the social-ethical
survey. A selection of stakeholders from each member state was asked to prioritize issues for the prevention and control of
these diseases. A majority of stakeholders chose preventive measures as the preferred issue. An analysis was done to determine
whether there were differences in views expressed by stakeholders from member states with a history of recent epidemics and
ones without such a history, and whether there were regional differences. There were no differences between member states
with or without a history of recent epidemics. There were indeed regional differences between the priority orders from Northern
and Southern Europe on the one hand, and from Eastern Europe on the other.
Nina
E. Cohen
is a biologist and is a researcher at the Wageningen University. She is specialized in societal and ethical issues in human–animal
relationships. Her current research is focused on the social-ethical issues concerning the prevention and control of foot
and mouth disease, classical swine fever and avian influenza.
Marcel A.P.M. van Asseldonk
has studied animal science. Currently he works at the Institute for Risk Management in Agriculture (IRMA) of the Wageningen
University. He is specialized in the design and pricing of insurance policies and animal health funds for the main livestock
epidemics.
Elsbeth N. Stassen
is a veterinarian and professor of Animals and Society at the Wageningen University. Elsbeth Stassen is specialized in animal
health, animal welfare and human–animal relationships. She was a member of a governmental welfare committee during the avian
influenza epidemic in the Netherlands in 2003. 相似文献
922.
923.
Elizabeth Finnis 《Agriculture and Human Values》2007,24(3):343-353
Using a case study from the Kolli Hills, India, I suggest that political ecology provides a useful theoretical basis for considering
localized dietary transitions in rural, agricultural communities in developing countries. By examining the reasons for the
near-disappearance of local minor millets as staple foods in three small-farmer communities, I argue that an explicit, actor-oriented
analysis allows for an integration of food issues with considerations of environmental circumstances, local aspirations, and
labor concerns. That is, an agricultural shift that abandons minor millets as a food resource reflects environmental changes
and household economic aspirations. Such an analysis has implications for the creation of practical food security projects
through the recognition and incorporation of small-farmer experiences, voices, and priorities. This research was undertaken
through ethnographic fieldwork, using semi-structured interviews and participant observation as the primary methods.
Elizabeth
Finnis obtained her PhD from McMaster University in Canada and is currently a post-doctoral fellow in the Department of Anthropology
and the Centre for Society, Technology, and Development at McGill University. 相似文献
924.
Kameshwari Pothukuchi Rayman Mohamed David A. Gebben 《Agriculture and Human Values》2008,25(3):319-332
This paper provides a conceptual framework to explain why disparities may exist in food safety code compliance by food stores
in different neighborhoods. Explanations include market dynamics, community characteristics, retailer attributes, inspector
characteristics, and enforcement approaches, and interactions among the factors. A preliminary and limited empirical test
of some of these relationships in Detroit, Michigan shows a higher rate of food safety violations by stores in poorer neighborhoods
and in neighborhoods with higher concentrations of African-American residents. Stores inspected by female inspectors also
scored higher numbers of critical violations, suggesting a need for greater examination of the social relations associated
with enforcement interactions in food safety studies.
Kameshwari Pothukuchi PhD, is Associate Professor of Urban Planning at Wayne State University. She conducts research on issues related to urban food security, including grocery stores, community gardens, and community and regional food planning. A policy guide on community and regional food planning, co-authored by her, was recently adopted by the American Planning Association (). Rayman Mohamed PhD, is Assistant Professor of Urban Planning at Wayne State University. He conducts research on land use and environmental planning. His recent articles examine decision making by developers, the economics of conservation subdivisions, and the relationship between sprawl and the costs of infrastructure. David A. Gebben is a graduate student of agricultural economics and a research assistant in the Global Urban Studies Program at Michigan State University. 相似文献
Kameshwari PothukuchiEmail: |
Kameshwari Pothukuchi PhD, is Associate Professor of Urban Planning at Wayne State University. She conducts research on issues related to urban food security, including grocery stores, community gardens, and community and regional food planning. A policy guide on community and regional food planning, co-authored by her, was recently adopted by the American Planning Association (). Rayman Mohamed PhD, is Assistant Professor of Urban Planning at Wayne State University. He conducts research on land use and environmental planning. His recent articles examine decision making by developers, the economics of conservation subdivisions, and the relationship between sprawl and the costs of infrastructure. David A. Gebben is a graduate student of agricultural economics and a research assistant in the Global Urban Studies Program at Michigan State University. 相似文献
925.
In face of rising flood losses globally, the approach of “living with floods,” rather than relying on structural measures
for flood control and prevention, is acquiring greater resonance in diverse socioeconomic contexts. In the Lerma Valley in
the state of Mexico, rapid industrialization, population growth, and the declining value of agricultural products are driving
livelihood and land use change, exposing increasing numbers of people to flooding. However, data collected in two case studies
of farm communities affected by flooding in 2003 illustrate that the concept of flood as agricultural “hazard” has been relatively
recently constructed through public intervention in river management and disaster compensation. While farming still represents
subsistence value to rural households, increasingly rural communities are relying on non-farm income and alternative livelihood
strategies. In this context, defining flooding in rural areas as a private hazard for which individuals are entitled to public
protection may be counterproductive. A different approach, in which farmers’ long acceptance of periodic flooding is combined
with valuing agricultural land for ecoservices, may enable a more sustainable future for the region’s population.
Hallie Eakin received her doctorate in Geography and Regional Development from the University of Arizona in 2002. She is currently an assistant professor at the University of California, Santa Barbara. As a postdoctoral researcher at the Center of Atmospheric Sciences of the National Autonomous University of Mexico in Mexico City, she continued to work on issues related to economic globalization, agricultural change, and rural vulnerability to climate in the context of several comparative international projects involving case studies in Mexico, Argentina, Guatemala, and Honduras. Her articles on this research have been published in World Development, the Journal of Environment and Development, Climatic Change, Global Environmental Change and Physical Geography. Her book Weathering Risk in Rural Mexico, based on her research on agricultural adaptation to neoliberal reforms and climatic variability in central Mexico, was released by the University of Arizona Press in 2006. Kirsten Appendini has a doctorate in Agricultural Economics from the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). She currently is a researcher and professor on the faculty of the Center for Economic Studies (Centro de Estudios Económicos) at the Colegio de México in Mexico City. She has published widely on issues of agrarian change, rural poverty, food security, and food policy in Mexico. Her book on Mexican maize policy, De la milpa a los tortibonos: La restructración de la política alimentaria en México (Colmex 2001) is now on its second edition. She has also served as a consultant to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization and several bilateral development agencies. 相似文献
Hallie EakinEmail: |
Hallie Eakin received her doctorate in Geography and Regional Development from the University of Arizona in 2002. She is currently an assistant professor at the University of California, Santa Barbara. As a postdoctoral researcher at the Center of Atmospheric Sciences of the National Autonomous University of Mexico in Mexico City, she continued to work on issues related to economic globalization, agricultural change, and rural vulnerability to climate in the context of several comparative international projects involving case studies in Mexico, Argentina, Guatemala, and Honduras. Her articles on this research have been published in World Development, the Journal of Environment and Development, Climatic Change, Global Environmental Change and Physical Geography. Her book Weathering Risk in Rural Mexico, based on her research on agricultural adaptation to neoliberal reforms and climatic variability in central Mexico, was released by the University of Arizona Press in 2006. Kirsten Appendini has a doctorate in Agricultural Economics from the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). She currently is a researcher and professor on the faculty of the Center for Economic Studies (Centro de Estudios Económicos) at the Colegio de México in Mexico City. She has published widely on issues of agrarian change, rural poverty, food security, and food policy in Mexico. Her book on Mexican maize policy, De la milpa a los tortibonos: La restructración de la política alimentaria en México (Colmex 2001) is now on its second edition. She has also served as a consultant to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization and several bilateral development agencies. 相似文献
926.
Leland L. Glenna Raymond A. JussaumeJr. Julie C. Dawson 《Agriculture and Human Values》2011,28(2):213-224
Science and technology studies (STS) research challenges the concept of technological determinism by investigating how the
end users of a technology influence that technology’s trajectory. STS critiques of determinism are needed in studies of agricultural
technology. However, we contend that focusing on the agency of end users may mask the role of political-economic factors which
influence technology developments and applications. This paper seeks to mesh STS insights with political-economic perspectives
by accounting for relationships between availability of diverse technologies, variations in political-economic structures,
and farmer interests and characteristics. We present the results of an analysis on the recent development of three wheat varieties:
(a) a wheat variety that was modified genetically to tolerate the herbicide glyphosate, (b) wheat varieties with characteristics
selected to serve specific markets, (c) and emerging research and development of perennial wheat varieties. Using data obtained
through a survey of wheat growers in Washington State, we analyzed whether farmer interest in these three clusters of wheat
varieties was associated with distinct individual characteristics and attitudes and whether those characteristics and attitudes
are consistent with political economic structures. Although our analysis did not allow us to assess the degree of direct influence
that farmers have on the technological development trajectory for these types of wheat, we were able to document variation
in technological alternatives and farmer characteristics related to different political-economic trends. 相似文献
927.
928.
929.
There is a fundamental divergence of opinion between the EU and the US over how food products derived from genetically modified organisms should be labeled. This has less to do with safety, as moves towards the international harmonization of safety standards continue apace, and rather more to do with the consumers' right to know about the origins of the food they are consuming. This paper uses a framework drawn from the global public goods (GPG) literature of economics and the work by international relations theorists on formal international organizations (FIO) to explain why there is presently no global consensus on the manner (voluntary or mandatory) in which GM food products should be labeled. 相似文献
930.
Antoni Magri Harold M. Van Es Michael A. Glos William J. Cox 《Precision Agriculture》2005,6(1):87-110
Several potential sources of information exist to support precision management of crop inputs. This study evaluated soil test data, bare-soil remote sensing imagery and yield monitor information for their potential contributions to precision management of maize (Zea mays L.). Data were collected from five farmer-managed fields in Central New York in 1999, 2000, and 2001. Geostatistical techniques were used to analyze the spatial structure of soil fertility (pH, P, K, NO3 and organic matter content) and yield variables (yield, hybrid response and N fertilization response), while remote sensing imagery was processed using principal component analysis. Geographic information system (GIS) spatial data processing and correlation analyses were used to evaluate relationships in the data. Organic matter content, pH, P, and K were highly consistent over time and showed high to moderate levels of spatial autocorrelation, suggesting that grid soil sampling at 2.5–5.5ha scale may be used as a basis for defining fertility management zones. Soil nitrate levels were strongly influenced by seasonal weather conditions and showed low potential for site-specific N management. Aerial image data were correlated to soil organic matter content and in some cases to yield, mainly through the effect of drainage patterns. Aerial image data were not well correlated with soil fertility indicators, and therefore were not useful for defining fertility management zones. Yield response to hybrid selection and nitrogen fertilization rates were highly variable among years, and showed little justification for site-specific management. In conclusion, we recommend grid-based management of lime, P, and K, but no justification existed within our limited study area for site-specific N or hybrid management. 相似文献