The impact of temperature on nitrification rate in fixed film biofilters

The impact of temperature on nitrification rate was evaluated in this study through experimental tests, mathematical modeling and sensitivity analysis. The results show that the impact of temperature on fixed film nitrification rate is less significant than that predicted by the van't Hoff–Arrhenius equation. In a fixed film biofilter, the impact of temperature on nitrification rate due to DO (dissolved oxygen) limitation is different from that due to TAN (total ammonia nitrogen) limitation. Sensitivity analysis indicated that a temperature increment at 20 °C resulted in nitrification rate increase of 1.108% per °C and 4.275% per °C under DO and TAN limited conditions, respectively. Diffusion mass transport plays an important role in fixed film nitrification processes. Consequently, the effect of temperature on nitrification rate due to bacterial growth rate change in fixed film processes is greatly reduced compared with that of suspended growth processes. When oxygen is limited, the decrease in saturation DO concentration as temperature increases results in a negative temperature impact upon the nitrification rate.     

Using Bacillus subtilis E20‐fermented soybean meal as replacement for fish meal in the diet of orange‐spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides,Hamilton)

The potential of Bacillus subtilis E20‐fermented soybean meal (FSBM) as a partial alternative component of fish meal (FM) in fed diets of orange‐spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) was evaluated in this study. An FM‐based diet and seven diets containing 10%, 20% and 30% and 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of FM replaced by soybean meal (SBM) and FSBM, respectively, were fed to grouper for 84 days to evaluate possible substitution levels of FM by tracking growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and morphological changes in the liver and distal intestine. No significant differences in survival and muscle composition of grouper were found between controls and treatments. Growth performance and feed efficiency of fish fed diets with FM replaced by FSBM up to 30% were not significantly different from controls, whereas significantly decreased growth performance and feed efficiency occurred with diets containing >20% of SBM. Based on the feed efficiency, the maximum substituted levels of FM by SBM and FSBM in grouper diets were 18.36% and 29.32%, respectively, based on broken‐line analyses. Histopathological changes in the liver and distal intestine, and significantly lower activity levels of digestive enzymes, including pepsin in the stomach and trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase and lipase in the distal intestine, were found in fish fed a diet containing 30% of FM replaced by SBM. However, these parameters were improved by the substitution of FSBM. It is therefore believed that FSBM has great potential to be used as a protein source in grouper diets in partial replacement of FM.     

多种接种途径对翘嘴鳜细菌性烂鳃和败血症的免疫预防效果

多种接种途径对翘嘴鳜细菌性烂鳃和败血症的免疫预防效果陈昌福，周文豪（华中农业大学水产学院，武汉４３００７０）陈昌福等（１９９５）先后用从患细菌性烂鳃病的翘嘴鳜（ＳｉｎｉｐｅｒｃａｃｈｕａｔｓｉＢ．）上分离的柱状嗜纤维菌（Ｃｙｔｏｐｈａｇａｃｏｌｕｍｎ...     

两种盐度下凡纳滨对虾饲料中的最适动植物蛋白比

试验研究了不同盐度下（3和22）,以鱼粉和大豆浓缩蛋白为蛋白源,配制6种不同动植物蛋白比的饲料对凡纳滨对虾生长、成活和肝胰腺可溶性蛋白质含量的影响,饲养试验为期40 d。结果显示：（1）饲料动植物蛋白比可显著影响凡纳滨对虾增重率、成活率、肝体指数、肥满度和肝胰腺中可溶性蛋白质含量。增重率随饲料动植物蛋白比升高而升高,但当饲料中动植物蛋白比升至29∶8时,增重率不再明显升高,其它指标均先随饲料动植物蛋白比升高至一定程度,而后则稍有下降;（2）盐度22组对虾的增重率、成活率和肥满度显著高于盐度3组对虾,肝体指数却显著低于盐度3组,不同的盐度对凡纳滨对虾肝胰腺可溶性蛋白含量的影响不显著;（3）双因素方差分析结果显示,盐度和饲料动植物蛋白比对凡纳滨对虾增重率、成活率和肝体指数存在显著交互作用,最大值分别出现在盐度22下全动物蛋白饲料组、盐度22下全动物蛋白和动植物蛋白为29∶8的饲料组、盐度3下饲料动植物蛋白比为14∶23的饲料组中;（4）Broken-Line分析表明,3‰盐度下凡纳滨对虾最适饲料蛋白比为29.12∶7.79~30.29∶6.71,盐度22时为26.05∶10.95~29.03∶7.44。结果提示,饲料中氨基酸的组成和含量会随配方中动植物蛋白配比而改变,且不同盐度下凡纳滨对虾对饲料中动植物蛋白比的要求有所不同,但配饵中适当的动植物蛋白比可以满足虾对各种氨基酸的适宜需求。因此,在养殖过程中,需结合实际的养殖环境和饲料蛋白源种类,来设计适宜的实用饲料配方,这样才能达到降低生产成本,提高经济效益的目的。     

江苏及安徽地区十个中华绒螯蟹成蟹群体的RAPD分析

采用随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)技术对取自江苏及安徽地区的10个群体的中华绒螯蟹共64个个体进行了遗传多样性分析.从24个随机引物中筛选出15个扩增重复性好、条带清晰、特异性强的引物,共检测出88个位点(100～2000 bp),各群体的多态位点比例为3.45%～26.19%,遗传多态度为0.0141～0.1036,说明该蟹类基因组DNA多态度较为贫乏,遗传变异水平较低;各群体间的遗传距离为0.0237～0.2466,遗传相似度为0.7815～0.9766,该蟹类群体之间发生了一定程度的分化;分化系数为0.4283～0.6632,Nm为0.2539～0.6674,表明该蟹类群体之间发生了不同程度的遗传变异和遗传交换.     

湿地松幼苗根系微生物数量变化规律的研究

采用平板稀释法研究了湿地松幼苗1 a中微生物根系数量的变化规律,为合理的生物防治时期提供科学依据。结果表明:湿地松苗圃土壤中存在着大量的微生物。湿地松幼苗根系的生长和发展可以大大促进其周围微生物的生长,受湿地松根系生长和环境变化等因素的影响,在松苗移栽后的几个月内,根际细菌和真菌的种群数量迅速增加,细菌比真菌的种群增长速度要快。利用生物防治细菌进行苗木猝倒病防治的最佳时期应该是在芽苗移栽后1个月以内。     

不同生境对五爪金龙部分生理指标的影响

五爪金龙Ipomoea cairica(L.)Sweet是南方广大地区危害严重的入侵杂草之一。采用电导率法和分光光度法,测定了5个不同的自然生境中五爪金龙的相对电导率和叶绿素含量等生理指标,并进行方差分析。结果表明:不同生境中,五爪金龙的质膜透性之间的差异部分达到显著水平;除了生境4、5之间外,其叶绿素a、b及总含量均达到极显著水平。     

层次分析法在退耕还林生态效益评价指标体系建立中的应用

退耕还林生态效益评价是当今研究的热点问题之一,构建评价指标是评价工作的前提和基础。笔者根据退耕还林生态效益的主要影响因子,在设定多层次指标体系的基础上,采用AHP法计算各指标权重,以确定影响退耕还林生态效益的主要因素。结果表明:退耕还林生态效益指标体系19个指标中,所占比重最大的5个指标依次为:土壤的侵蚀模数、地表径流量、土壤容重、枯落物层厚度和林草的覆盖率等。     

中国古代木槿栽培应用发展史初探

木槿是中国传统的乡土花木,是栽培历史最悠久的花木之一。本文根据历史文献和诗歌等梳理分析了历史各个时期的木槿主要栽培应用史实和重要成果,分析了不同历史时期木槿的栽培应用、食用、药用与品种等发展演化情况,发现了诸多的习俗和应用被保留和传承,以期为木槿资源、文化及其产业的传承与发展提供思路。