加强新农民培训——新农村建设的基础——湖南省新宁县新农村建设实况调查之农民培训有效供给

三农问题的核心是农民,农民问题的核心是素质。培训“有文化、懂技术、会经营、讲文明、守法制”的新农民是解决三农问题、建设新农村的基础和智力保障。地方政府必须把新农民培训纳入公共服务的范围,保证新农民培训服务的有效供给。     

近色背景果实识别的多源图像融合

为提高在近色背景下果实识别的准确性,减少非结构化因素对识别的影响,提出了基于近红外像机和可见光像机组合捕获多源图像进行融合的方法。首先对已配准的多源图像分别进行非下采样轮廓波变换(NSCT),得到高频系数与低频系数;对高频系数采用压缩融合,并通过CoSaMp恢复融合的高频系数;对低频系数进行小波分解,对分解的高频子带采用绝对值最大法进行融合;低频子带则采用基于几何距离和能量距离加权的融合方法,再通过小波逆变换得到融合的低频系数;最后对融合后的高、低频系数进行NSCT重构得到融合图像。试验结果表明,所设计方法有效地保留了图像的边缘轮廓,突出了图像的细节信息,在客观定量评价指标上均优于其他传统方法,其中与小波变换-非下采样轮廓波变换(DWT-NSCT)方法相比,最大提升达到15.59%。     

Windrow Composting of Waste Paint Sludge Containing Melamine Resins

ABSTRACT

Melamine resins (MR), widely used in various industries, are thermosetting plastics that have hard and durable properties. These resins can be introduced into the environment as components of waste products or via industrial effluents. It is important to seek environmentally friendly means to recycle, remove, or degrade melamine resins before they are released to the environment. Waste paint sludge containing MR has been shown to be efficiently composted under bench-scale conditions. In this study, the impacts of C/N ratios on windrow composting of waste paint sludge containing MR were evaluated. As composting proceeded, temperature, concentrations of MR and melamine degradation products (i.e., ammeline, ammelide, and cyanuric acid) were determined. After 98 days of composting, 87.5, 83.3, 80.9, and 70.1% of the initial MR were degraded under the treatments with C/N ratios of 30, 33, 35, and 37, respectively. Degradation of MR was enhanced by relatively low C/N ratios. Significant amounts of plant nutrients were found in the final composts, while heavy metals were well below values considered to be of concern regarding surface water quality or crop production. We conclude that adjusting C/N ratio to approximately 30 in the initial mixtures with oat and hay straws can increase the degradation of MR and its derivatives during windrow composting of waste paint sludge containing MR and produce a good quality compost product.     

福建省不同耕地土壤和土地利用类型对“碳源/汇”的贡献差异研究

农田生态系统无论作为全球温室气体的“源”还是“汇”,均对大气CO2浓度的年际变化产生重要影响.以我国亚热带地区——福建省不同地理位置的闽侯县、浦城县、同安县和永定县为典型研究区,利用这4个县1982年23 869个样点和2008年12 521个样点实测数据建立的1∶5万土壤类型-土地利用方式数据库,分析了近30年来福建省不同土类、亚类、土属和土地利用方式耕地有机碳密度变化,并利用尺度上推的方法估算了全省两期耕地土壤有机碳储量.结果表明,近30年来福建省耕地总体上表现为弱的“碳汇”,土壤有机碳密度和储量分别上升了0.24 kg m-2和4.26 Tg,但不同土壤类型和土地利用方式在“碳汇/源”中的贡献程度差异很大.从土壤类型来看,紫色土、酸性紫色土和石灰泥田分别在土类、亚类和土属级别中的“碳汇”贡献最大,有机碳密度分别提高了0.63、0.63和1.25 kg m-2;而滨海盐土、滨海盐土和黄泥砂土则分别在土类、亚类和土属级别中的“碳源”贡献最大,有机碳密度分别下降了0.59、0.59和1.08 kg m-2.从土地利用方式来看,灌溉水田是全省最主要的“碳汇”,有机碳密度提高了0.27 kg m-2,而水浇地是全省最主要的“碳源”,有机碳密度下降了0.36 kg m-2.因此,在今后的福建省农田土壤有机碳管理政策中应重点考虑有机碳密度下降、面积较大的土壤类型及土地利用方式的有效管理.     

EFFECTS OF GYPSUM ENHANCED COMPOSTS ON YIELDS AND MINERAL COMPOSITIONS OF BROCCOLI AND TALL FESCUE

Gypsum (CaSO₄·2H₂O) addition during composting of manure or biosolids can reduce ammonia nitrogen losses and represents a new method for controlling odors. Additional work is needed, however, to test the ability of the gypsum-containing composts to support plant growth and affect uptake of nutrients and heavy metals. A field study using broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) and a growth chamber study using tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) were conducted by application of composts at 10 Mg ha^?1 for broccoli and 10 and 25 Mg ha^?1 for tall fescue. Compared to composts without gypsum, at 10 Mg ha^?1, gypsum composts significantly increased or had a strong trend to increase yields of broccoli and tall fescue. Gypsum composts affected concentrations of nutrient elements but did not increase concentrations of environmental concern elements in broccoli flowers and tall fescue tissue. Thus gypsum composts can be safely applied to soils to enhance crop growth.     

Pharmacological Studies of Tentacle Extract from the Jellyfish Cyanea capillata in Isolated Rat Aorta

Our previous studies demonstrated that tentacle extract (TE) from the jellyfish, Cyanea capillata, could cause a dose-dependent increase of systolic blood pressure, which seemed to be the result of direct constriction of vascular smooth muscle (VSM). The aim of this study is to investigate whether TE could induce vasoconstriction in vitro and to explore its potential mechanism. Using isolated aorta rings, a direct contractile response of TE was verified, which showed that TE could induce concentration-dependent contractile responses in both endothelium-intact and -denuded aortas. Interestingly, the amplitude of contraction in the endothelium-denuded aorta was much stronger than that in the endothelium-intact one, implying that TE might also bring a weak functional relaxation in addition to vasoconstriction. Further drug intervention experiments indicated that the functional vasodilation might be mediated by nitric oxide, and that TE-induced vasoconstriction could be attributed to calcium influx via voltage-operated calcium channels (VOCCs) from the extracellular space, as well as sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca²⁺ release via the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP₃R), leading to an increase in [Ca²⁺]_c, instead of activation of the PLC/DAG/PKC pathway or the sympathetic nerve system.     

生产蜂场蜜蜂种质的选择与利用

尽管近几年越来越多的养蜂者认识到优良蜂种的重要性，但在选择什么蜂种以及如何更好地发挥优良蜂种的作用方面还是存在着一些误区。本文拟在这几个问题上提出一些自己的看法。     

林生山黧豆体内二氨基丁酸合成代谢的初步研究(简报)

本试验每个处理采用50μCi DL-[2,3-~3H]-天门冬氨酸(1μCi·μL~(-1))作为标记物,引入180mg 林生山黧豆带叶胚芽中,2h 吸收完毕后,继续光照处理,分别按3,6,9,12,15,18,21和24h 终止反应,提取游离氨基酸,以丹磺酰化制成 DNS-氨基酸,聚酰氨薄膜双向     

高产优质抗病甘薯品种龙薯1号选育及推广应用

龙薯1号（原系号C3-2）是福建省龙岩市农业科学研究所于1992年以岩粉1号为母本,龙岩7-3为父本,通过有性杂交选育而成的集高产、优质、抗病、适应性广于一体的甘薯品种.2001年通过福建省农作物品种审定委员会审定,2004年通过全国农作物鉴定委员会鉴定.该品种的育成较好地解决了“优质不高产、高产不优质”的矛盾.为中国南方薯区甘薯品种和品质结构战略性调整提供了品种支撑.在该品种的推广过程中,实施跨行业联合,走贸工农一体化路子,按育、繁、推、产、加、销一体化模式运作,2001年至今累计推广种植15.85万hm^2,产生了巨大的社会经济效益.     

优化GM(1,1)模型在预测地下水埋深中的应用

合理的开发和利用地下水对农场的可持续发展具有重大的意义。本文采用优化GM(1，1)模型，对地下水埋深进行了预测，拟合精度较高，预测效果较好，对于指导创业农场合理开发利用地下水提供数量指标和科学理论依据。